The Fall of Carthage (82 page)

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Authors: Adrian Goldsworthy

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1.

For
logistics
see
J.
Roth,
The Logistics
of
the Roman Army at War, 264
BC -AD
235
(Leiden,
1999).

2.

For
the
change
in
the
coinage
see
M.
Crawford,
'War
and
finance',
Journal
of
Roman Studies
54
(1964),
pp.
29-32.

3.

See
L.
Keppie,
The Making
of
the Roman Army
(London,
1984),
E.
Gabba,
Republican Rome: The Army and Allies
(Oxford,
1976),
and
R.
Smith,
Service in the Post-Marian Roman Army
(Manchester,
1958)
for
the
army
in
this
period.

4.

A.
Toynbee,
Hannibal's Legacy. 2 vols.
(Oxford,
1965)
represents
the
most
forceful argument
for
the
long-term
impact
of
the
Second
Punic
War.
Brunt
(1971)
criticized this
view
and
cast
doubt
on
the
extent
of
devastation
during
the
Italian
campaigns.
A good
and
insightful
survey
of
the
debate
is
to
be
found
in
T.
Cornell,
'Hannibal's Legacy:
The
effects
of
the
Hannibalic
War
on
Italy',
in
T.
Cornell,
B.
Rankov
8c

P.
Sabin,
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal
British
Institute
of
Classical
Studies Supplement
67
(London,
1996),
pp.
97-117.
1.

E.g.
Sallust,
Bellum Catilinae
51.
38.

1.

For
the
dominance
of
commercial
concerns
in
Punic
thinking
see
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
passim,
esp.
pp.
291-4.

Chronology
The Roman consular year usually began in March and as a result the consuls remained in office for the first few months of the year after the date given here. There is some debate over to what extent the Roman calendar was at this period out of synchronization with the modern year. Numerals in brackets after a name denote whether the man had held the consulship before. Consuls who abdicated after a few days or whose election was declared invalid are not included here.
264 Ap. Claudius Caudex M. Fulvius Flaccus
Outbreak of First Punic War; Roman expedition to relieve Messana.
263 M. Valerius Maximus Messala M. Otacilius Crassus
Hiero surrenders and allies Syracuse with Rome.
262 L. Postumius Megellus Q. Mamilius Vitullus
Siege of Agrigentum.
261 L. Valerius Flaccus T. Otacilius Crassus
Fall of Agrigentum; Punic naval squadrons raid Italian coast; Romans decide to build fleet.
260 Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina C. Duilius
Scipio Asina taken prisoner at Lipara; Duilius wins sea battle off Mylae.
259 L. Cornelius Scipio C. Aquillius Florus
Fighting in Corsica and Sardinia as well as Sicily.
258 A. Adius Caiatinus C. Sulpicius Paterculus

Romans win naval battle off Sulci

257 C. Atilius Regulus Cn. Cornelius Blasio

Romans win naval battle off Tyndaris

256 L. Manlius Vulso Longus M. Atilius Regulus -
suff.
(II)
Romans win naval battle off Ecnomus and invade Africa; Regulus defeats Punic army at Adys; peace negotiations fail.
255 Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior M. Aemilius Paullus
Regulus defeated by Xanthippus near Tunis; Roman fleet rescues survivors and defeats Punic navy off Hermaeum; heavy Roman losses in storm.
254 Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina (II) A. Atilius Caiatinus (II)
Panormus captured.
253 Cn. Servilius Caepio C. Sempronius Blaesus
Roman fleet suffers in storm off Cape Palinurus.
252 C. Aurelius Cotta P. Servilius Geminus
Romans capture more towns in Sicily, including Lipara and Thermae.
251 L. Caecilius Metellus C. Furius Pacilus
Further fighting in Sicily; Carthaginians reinforce their army on the island.
250 C. Atilius Regulus (II) L. Manlius Vulso Longus (II)
Romans win battle outside Panormus and commence siege of Lilybaeum.
249 P. Claudius Pulcher L. Junius Pullus Dictator: A. Atilius Caiatinus
Mag. Equ:
Caecilius Metellus
Punic navy wins great victory off Drepana; Roman fleet suffers heavily in storm near Camarina; dictator sent to command in Sicily.
248 C. Aurelius Cotta (II) P. Servilius Geminus (II)
Sieges of Lilybaeum and Drepana continue.
247 L. Caecilius Metellus (II) N. Fabius Buteo
Sieges continue; Hamilcar Barca lands in Sicily.
246 M. Otacilius Crassus (II) M. Fabius Licinus
Continued low-intensity fighting in Sicily.
245 M. Fabius Buteo C. Atilius Balbus
Continued low-intensity fighting in Sicily.
244 A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus C. Sempronius Blaesus (II)
Hamilcar moves to Mt Eryx.
243 C. Fundanius Fundulus C. Sulpicius Galus
Continued fighting around Eryx.
242 C. Lutatius Catulus A. Postumius Albinus
New Roman fleet formed.
241 A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus (II) Q. Lutatius Cerco
Romans win decisive sea battle at the Aegates Islands; Carthage accepts peace; end of First Punic War.
240 C. Claudius Centho M. Sempronius Tuditanus

Outbreak of Mercenary War in Africa

239 C. Mamilius Turrinus Q. Valerius Falto
238 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus P. Valerius Falto
Rome annexes Sardinia and threatens Carthage with renewal of war.
237 L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinius Q. Fulvius Flaccus
End of Mercenary War; Hamilcar Barca sent to Spain.
236 P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus C. Licinius Varus

Gallic raids on northern Italy.

235 T. Manlius Torquatus C. Atilius Balbus (II)
234 L. Postumius Albinus Sp. Carvilius Maximus
233 Q. Fabius Maximus M. Pomponius Matho
232 M. Aemilius Lepidus M. Publicius Malleolus
The tribune C. Flaminius carries a bill to distribute the
ag
er Gallicus
to citizens.
231 M. Pomponius Matho C. Papirius Maso
230 M. Aemilius Bardula M. Junius Pera
229 L. Postumius Albinus (II) Cn. Fulvius Centumalus
Death of Hamilcar Barca; succeeded by his son-in-law Hasdrubal; First Illyrian War; Romans establish a protectorate on the Illyrian coast.
228 Sp. Carvilius Maximus (II) Q. Fabius Maximus (II)
227 P. Valerius Flaccus M. Atilius Regulus
The praetor C. Flaminius probably the first governor of Rome's Sicilian province.
226 M. Valerius Messalla L. Apustius Fullo
225 L. Aemilius Papus C. Atilius Regulus
Gallic invaders defeated at Telamon.
224 T. Manlius Torquatus (II) Q. Fulvius Flaccus (II)
223 C. Flaminius P. Furius Philus
Flaminius wins victory over Insubres in Cisalpine Gaul.
222 M. Claudius Marcellus Cn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus
Insubres defeated at Clastidium and their capital, Mediolanum (Milan), captured.
221 P. Cornelius Scipio Asina M. Minucius Rufus

Hasdrubal assassinated and succeeded by Hannibal

220 L. Veturius Philo C. Lutatius Catulus
Construction of
Via Flaminia.
219 L. Aemilius Paullus M. Livius Salinator
218 P. Cornelius Scipio Ti. Sempronius Longus
Second Illyrian War; Siege and Fall of Saguntum. Outbreak of Second Punic War; Hannibal's March to Italy; Romans defeated at Ticinus and Trebia; Cn. Scipio lands in Spain.
217 Cn. Servilius Gerninus C. Flaminius (II) Dictator: Q. Fabius Maximus
Mag. Equ:
M. Minucius Rufus
Flaminius defeated at Lake Trasimene; Romans appoint Fabius Maximus dictator; Fabius avoids contact with Hannibal's army, but fails to prevent his escape from Campania; Minucius defeated in large skirmish; Cn. Scipio wins naval encounter off the River Ebro.
216 L. Aemilius Paullus (II) C. Terentius Varro Dictator: M. Junius Pera
Mag. Equ:
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus
Hannibal wins massive victory at Cannae; Capua and some other states defect; Cn. and P. Scipio defeat Hasdrubal Barca near the Ebro (Iber); Romans appoint dictator; continued fighting especially around Nola; Roman army massacred in Cisalpine Gaul.
215 Q. Fabius Maximus (III) Ti. Sempronius Gracchus
Further fighting around Nola; Hannibal takes Casilinum; Punic reinforcements arrive at Locri; death of Hiero; alliance between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedon; start of First Macedonian War.
214 Q. Fabius Maximus (IV) M. Claudius Marcellus (II)
Romans retake Casilinum; Gracchus defeats Hanno at River Calor; murder of Hieronymus and defection of Syracuse to Carthage; Marcellus begins to operate in Sicily; Laevinus defeats Macedonians at Apollonia; more fighting near Nola
213 Q. Fabius Maximus the Younger Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (II)
Assault on Syracuse fails and Marcellus begins siege; Carthaginian army lands in Sicily.
212 Ap. Claudius Pulcher Q. Fulvius Flaccus (III)
Hannibal captures Tarentum; Romans start siege of Capua; Hanno defeated at Beneventum; Gracchus killed; Hannibal wins victory at Herdonea; in Sicily Marcellus eventually captures Syracuse.
211 P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus Maximus
Hannibal marches on Rome, but fails to prevent the fall of Capua; P. and Cn. Scipio defeated and killed in Spain; alliance between Rome and Aetolian League.
210 M. Valerius Laevinus M. Claudius Marcellus (III)
Hannibal wins second victory at Herdonea; Scipio Africanus appointed to Spanish command; Lilybaeum captured by Romans;
209 Q. Fabius Maximus (V) Q. Fulvius Flaccus (IV)

M. Servilius Pulex Geminus mixed fortunes in Greece; Romans raid African coast.

Tarentum recaptured by Fabius; Scipio takes New Carthage; further fighting in Greece
208 T. Quinctius Crispinus M. Claudius Marcellus (TV)
Both consuls killed in ambush; further Roman raids on African coast; Scipio wins battle of Baecula, but Hasdrubal Barca still leaves Spain.
207 C. Claudius Nero M. Livius Salinator (II)
Hasdrubal Barca invades Italy, but defeated at Metaurus; Philip Vs allies win victory at Mantineia; more Roman raids on African coast.

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