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CHAPTER 21. CASTE, CLASS, AND CONVERSION UNDER THE BRITISH RAJ
1
Kipling,
Kim,
191.
2
Keay,
India,
372.
3
Dirks,
The Scandal of Empire,
xiii.
4
Keay,
India,
435
5
Ibid., 8, citing Magnus,
King Edward the Seventh,
217-18.
6
Ibid., 18.
7
Dube,
Untouchable Pasts,
11, quoting Nick Dirks,
The Hollow Crown.
8
Keay,
India,
447
9
Metcalf,
A Concise History,
483.
10
Cannadine,
Ornamentalism.
11
Dalrymple,
The Last Mughal,
135.
12
Keay,
India,
376, 382.
13
Dalrymple,
White Moghuls,
33-34.
14
Keay,
India,
402, 407, 425,
15
Jasanoff,
Edge of Empire.
16
Keay,
India,
432
17
Forster,
A Passage to India,
chapter 5.
18
Mukherjee,
The Rise and Fall of the East India Company,
300-03.
19
Bolts,
Considerations on Indian Affairs,
194.
20
Ranjit Roy,
The Agony of West Bengal,
17.
21
Ibid., 389, 392.
22
Ibid., 414.
23
Kipling,
Kim,
chapter 11.
24
Keay,
India,
450.
25
Klostermaier,
Hinduism,
291.
26
Ibid., 428-29, 445.
27
Hardiman,
The Coming of the Devi,
163; Eaton, “Conversion to Christianity Among the Nagas, 1876-1971,” 8, 32-33.
28
Spear,
A History of India,
140.
29
Keay,
India,
432, 434.
30
James,
Raj,
237.
31
An anonymous tract called the
Sadsat Jagannatha Brtanta,
cited in Ignatius Soreng,
Odisare o odiya sahitya re Christa dharma
[
Christianity in Orissa and in Oriya Literature
]; Berhampur: Dipti Prakashani, 1998). I am indebted to Siddharth Satpathy for this reference.
32
Keay,
India,
427,
33
Surendra Nath Sen,
Eighteen Fifty Seven,
40-45.
34
Gubbins,
An Account of the Mutinies in Oudh,
24-25.
35
Kaye,
A History of the Sepoy War in India.
36
Metcalf,
A Concise History of India,
100.
37
Keay,
India,
438.
38
Metcalf,
A Concise History of India,
100.
39
Keay,
India,
438
40
Ibid., 443.
41
James,
Raj,
237.
42
Ibid.
43
Rudrangshu Mukherjee,
Mangal Pandey.
44
Forbes-Mitchell,
Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny.
45
James,
Raj,
251.
46
Keay,
India,
441-42
47
Ibid., 446.
48
Ibid., 445.
49
Ibid., 429, 445-46.
50
Ibid., 425
51
Dalrymple,
White Moghuls,
166.
52
Powell,
Muslims and Missionaries,
117. I am indebted to Catherine Adcock for this citation.
53
Sutton,
Orissa and its Evangelization,
40.
54
I owe this insightful comment, as well as the Sutton citation itself, to Siddharth Satpathy.
55
James,
Raj,
237.
56
Keay,
India,
419.
57
Gautama,
Dharma-sutra
20.10.
58
Moon,
The British Conquest,
427.
59
Southey,
The Curse of Kehama,
9.
60
Ibid., 429, 431.
61
Forster,
A Passage to India,
chapter 18.
62
Jaffrelot,
The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India,
35.
63
Uma Mukherjee,
Two Great Indian Revolutionaries,
16-17.
64
Urban,
Tantra,
156-58.
65
Carnegy,
A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad;
Narain,
The Ayodhya Temple/Mosque Dispute,
8-9.
66
Van der Veer,
Religious Nationalism,
153.
67
Forster,
A Passage to India,
287.
68
Ernst, “Situating Sufism,” 24-25, citing the
Dabistan,
149-50; translation, 239-40.
69
Dabistan,
147, 157; translation, 235, 251.
70
Ernst, “Situating Sufism,” 24-25, citing a letter of David DuBois, June 4, 2003.
71
Sheldon Pollock’s term; see “Deep Orientalism?: Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj.”
72
Buruma and Margalit,
Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies.
73
Nandy,
The Intimate Enemy,
52; Hwang,
M. Butterfly.
74
Ramachandra Guha, “Sixty Years in Socks,”15.
75
Trautmann,
Aryans and British India.
76
Keay,
India,
431.
77
Rocher,
Ezourvedam,
3, 19. The text was published in
Asiatic Researches,
Royal Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1822.
78
Kapil Raj, “Refashioning Civilities.”
79
Flood,
Introduction,
124.
80
Partha Mitter, “Rammohun Roy and the New Language of Monotheism.”
81
Nandy,
The Intimate Enemy;
Doniger,
The Woman Who Pretended.
82
Keay,
India,
431.
83
Sumit Sarkar,
Modern India.
84
Dalrymple, “India: The Place of Sex.”
85
McConnachie,
The Book of Love,
198.
86
Ibid., 197-98.
87
Figueira, ”To Lose One’s Head for Love.”
88
Published in Goethe,
Werke,
1840, 1.200; here cited from the English translation by Edgar Alfred Bowring,
The Poems of Goethe.
89
Yourcenar, “Kali Beheaded.”
90
Ibid., 146.
91
Doniger,
Splitting the Difference,
235.
92
Kulkarni, “Darstellung des Eigenen im Kostum des Fremden”; Schulz, “Hindu Mythology in Mann’s Indian Legend”; Mahadevan, “Switching Heads and Cultures.”
93
Doniger, “ ‘I Have Scinde.’ ”
94
Moon,
The British Conquest,
567-75.
95
The Whig
Morning Chronicle,
cited by Priscilla Napier,
I Have Sind,
197.
96
Priscilla Napier,
I Have Sind,
xvi.
97
Mehra,
A Dictionary,
496-97.
98
George Daniel,
Democritus in London,
51.
99
Priscilla Napier,
I Have Sind,
xv, 160, 197.
100
Keay,
India,
421.
101
Rowley,
More Puniana,
166-67.
102
Rushdie,
Shame,
88.
103
Gould, “To Be a Platypus,” 269.
104
Priscilla Napier,
I Have Sind,
160.
105
Mehra,
A Dictionary,
497.
106
William Napier,
The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier,
vol. 4, 38.
107
David,
The Indian Mutiny,
34-44; Edwardes,
Red Year: The Rebellion of 1857,
21-22.
108
Charles Napier, cited in Ball,
The History of the Indian Mutiny,
36.
109
William Napier,
The Life and Opinions,
vol. 2, 275.
110
Lifton and Mitchell,
Hiroshima in America,
176.
111
Keay,
India,
453.
112
Cited by Bryant,
The Quest for the Origins,
324.
113
Gommans,
The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,
98.
114
Alder,
Beyond Bokhara,
50-51.
115
Schimmel,
The Empire,
101.
116
William Napier,
The Life and Opinions,
vol. 1, 164-66, 186, 346, 351, 385; Priscilla Napier,
I Have Sind,
58.
117
Gommans,
The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,
99.
118
Yang,
Bazaar India,
116.
119
Alder,
Beyond Bokhara,
105, 209.
120
Yang,
Bazaar India,
116.
121
Alder,
Beyond Bokhara,
107, 209, 341, 357-58, 367.
122
Kipling,
Kim,
161.
123
Ibid., 191.
124
Said, “The Pleasures of Imperialism,” 45.
125
Orwell, “Rudyard Kipling,” 135.
126
Rushdie, “Kipling,” 80; italics added.
127
Shakespeare,
Henry V,
5.2.182-83.
128
Trautmann,
Aryans,
15, 18.
129
Gandhi,
Selected Political Writings,
89.
 
 
CHAPTER 22. SUTTEE AND REFORM IN THE TWILIGHT OF THE RAJ
1
Cited by Mani,
Contentious Traditions,
172.
2
Cited by Weinberger-Thomas,
Ashes of Immortality,
99.
3
Vessantara Jataka,
495 (PTS text); Gombrich and Cone,
The Perfect Generosity.
4
Dehejia, “The Iconographies of Sati,” 52.
5
Mani,
Contentious Traditions,
22.
6
Hawley,
Sati,
13.
7
Doniger, “Why Did They Burn?”
8
Courtright, “The Iconographies of Sati,” 42.
9
Hawley,
Sati,
26. Some legal texts (
Shankha
and
Angiras Smritis
) use Arundhati instead; Kane,
History,
2.1, 631.
10
K. M. Sen,
Hinduism,
95-96.
11
Killingley,
Rammohun Roy,
61.
12
K. M. Sen,
Hinduism,
95-96.
13
Ibid.
14
Killingley,
Rammohun Roy.
15
Mani,
Contentious Traditions,
54-55.
16
Nandy, “Sati as Profit,” 137.
17
Keay,
India,
457.
18
Weinberger-Thomas,
Ashes,
89.
19
Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” 297.
20
Allan Bloom,
The Closing,
26.
21
Woodruff,
The Men Who Ruled India,
66, 74.
22
Mani,
Contentious Traditions,
53.
23
Kane,
History,
2.1.631-33.
24
Mani,
Contentious Traditions,
21.
25
Weinberger-Thomas,
Ashes of Immortality,
202-07.
26
Keay,
India,
429.
27
Figueira, “Die flambierte Frau,” 69, citing Roger, 220-21.
28
Ibid., 58, 61.
29
Ibid., 65, citing Wagner,
Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtung,
vol. 6, 255-56.
30
Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 389, citing
Samskaravidhi
289-95.
31
Ghai,
Shuddhi Movement in India,
and Jordens, “Reconversion to Hinduism, the Shuddhi of the Arya Samaj.”
32
Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 389.
33
Jaffrelot,
Hindu Nationalism,
2007, 31.
34
Van der Veer,
Religious Nationalism,
91-92.
35
Adcock,
Religious Freedom and Political Culture.
36
Keay,
India,
475.
37
Gandhi, in
Young India,
January 5, 1924, 145.
38
Keay,
India,
492.
39
Ibid., 471.
40
Scott,
Weapons of the Weak.
41
Nandy,
The Intimate Enemy,
52 ff.
42
Gandhi,
An Autobiography,
20-21.
43
Ibid.
44
Hardiman,
The Coming of the Devi,
209.
45
Gandhi,
The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi,
265-99.
46
Gandhi, “The Message of the Gita,” in Mitchell,
The Bhagavad Gita,
218-19.
47
Keay,
India,
487, 514.
48
Ibid., 448.
49
P. J. Marshall,
Bengal,
xiv-xv, 5.
50
Forbes-Mitchell,
Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny.
51
Hardiman,
The Coming of the Devi,
1, 33, 46.
52
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation,
145.
53
The material in the next six paragraphs is taken from Hardiman,
The Coming of the Devi,
particularly 40, 53-54, 82, 99, 104-05, 129, 134, 139-40, 147, 154, 159, 164, 179, 203.
54
Ibid., 41; Kirin Narayan,
Mondays on the Dark Side of the Moon.
55
Hardiman,
The Coming of the Devi,
42, 175, 216.
56
Ibid., 169, 189-90, 200-01.
57
Keay,
India,
486.
58
Hardiman,
The Coming of the Devi,
4, 51-52, 170.
59
Harlan, “Perfection and Devotion,” 84-85.
60
Keay,
India,
447.
61
Dube,
Untouchable Pasts,
115, 260-61,
62
Ibid., 115-16.
63
Ibid., 15.
64
Keay,
India,
532.
65
Tartakov, “B. R. Ambedkar,” 38.
66
Ambedkar,
Why Go for Conversion?,
10.
67
Omvedt, 43, citing Ambedkar,
Towards an Enlightened India.
68
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Dreams, Illusion.
69
Ambedkar,
The Buddha and His Dhamma; Tartakov, B. R. Ambedkar and the Navayana Diksha.
70
Keer,
Dr. Ambedkar,
499.
71
Isaacs,
India’s Ex-Untouchables,
46.
72
Justin Huggler, “India’s Untouchables Turn to Buddhism in Protest at Discrimination by Hindus,”
Independent,
October 13, 2006.
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