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Authors: Wendy Doniger

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CHAPTER 14. GODDESSES AND GODS IN THE EARLY PURANAS
1
Kalidasa,
Shakuntala
3.2 (alternative verse).
2
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 28.
3
Keay,
India
, 145, citing the third Jungadh inscription.
4
Ibid., citing Beal,
Si yu ki
xxxvii-xxxviii.
5
Keay,
India
, 144.
6
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 2.
7
Ibid., 28.
8
Thapar,
Early India,
287.
9
Keay,
India,
139.
10
Ibid., 144.
11
Flood,
Introduction
, 113.
12
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 2.
13
Hein, “A Revolution in Krsnaism,” 309-10.
14
Keay,
India
, xx.
15
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 30.
16
Ibid., 31.
17
Thapar,
Early India,
281.
18
Thapar,
Sakuntala
, 256.
19
Doniger, “Jewels of Rejection.”
20
Goldman, “Karma, Guilt, and Buried Memories,” 423.
21
Thapar,
Sakuntala
, 41.
22
Keay,
India
, 136-37.
23
Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Image of the Heretic.”
24
Ramanujan and Cutler, “From Classicism to Bhakti,” 232.
25
Thapar,
Early India,
244.
26
Ibid.
,
275.
27
Mitter,
Indian Art,
45-47.
28
Keay,
India,
158.
29
Thapar,
Early India,
287.
30
Ben Shonthal’s vivid formulation.
31
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
, 8.
32
Thapar,
Early India,
275.
33
Mitter,
Indian Art,
56.
34
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
, 67.
35
Thapar,
Early India,
275.
36
Redfield,
The Little Community
.
38
Narayana Rao, “Hinduism: The Untold Story.”
39
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
.
40
Narayana Rao, “Hinduism: The Untold Story.”
41
Narayana Rao, “Purana as Brahminic Ideology,” 91-92.
42
Markandeya Purana
135.7, 136.36.
43
Nath,
Puranas and Acculturation
, 57, citing
Atri-smirti
(373-83) and Mitakshara.
44
Hess,
The Bijak of Kabir
, 67.
45
Brahmanda Purana
1.2.26.10-61.
46
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women, Androgynes
, 130-48.
47
Vamana Purana
S.17.2-23.
48
Kinsley,
Hindu Goddesses
.
49
Markandeya Purana
82-83.
50
Hiltebeitel,
The Cult of Draupadi
.
51
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women, Androgynes,
90-91.
52
Shvetashvatara Upanishad
6.23.
53
Skanda Purana
1.3.1.10.1-69; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 243.
54
Markandeya Purana
85-90.
55
Frederick Smith,
The Self Possessed
.
56
Varaha Purana
33.4-15, 25-34; Doniger O’Faherty,
Hindu Myths
, 122.
57
This is the story that Kalidasa alludes to: “Shiva’s wife, Sati, the daughter of Daksha, was devoted to her husband and outraged when her father dishonored him. She discarded her body through yoga.”
Kumarasambhava
1.21
58
Mahabharata
12.183.10.3-5; cf. 13.17.98, and Nilakantha on 13.17.101.
59
Fleet,
Corpus
, no. 18, 81, pl. XI, 11.21-23.
60
Brahmanda Purana
4.11.1-34, 5.30.30-99; cf.
Vamana Purana
6.26-27, 25.1-20, 31.1-18.
61
Brahmavaivarta Purana
4.41.20-26.
62
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 226-32.
63
Shiva Purana
2.3.20.1-23; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 160.
64
Böhtlingk,
Indische Spruche,
1, 25, no. 130; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 371, n. 220.
65
Courtright,
Ganesha
.
66
Padma Purana
1.46.1-32, 47-108,119-21. The same text, with some variations, appears in the
Skanda Purana
1.2.27-29 (the version translated in Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 251-61, and discussed by Doniger,
Bedtrick
, 69-75) and in the
Matsya Purana
154-57 (the version translated by Shulman in
God Inside Out
, 156).
68
Commentary on
Ramayana
1.29.6 (Bombay ed.); Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 100.
69
Harivamsha
118.11-39.
70
Commentary cited by Kangle,
Arthasastra
, 12.
71
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, chapter 9.
72
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 84-89.
73
Naishadiyacarita
, canto 17, verse 201.
74
Dirks, “Political Authority and Structural Change,”125-57.
75
Markandeya Purana
10.47-87; 12.3-48; 10.88-97; 11.22-32.
76
Lewis Carroll, “Wool and Water,”
Through the Looking Glass
.
77
Kurma Purana
1.34.5-18.
78
Markandeya Purana
6.
79
Manu
10.1.1-13.
80
Sanford, “Holi Through Dauji’s Eyes.”
 
 
CHAPTER 15. SECTS AND SEX IN THE TANTRIC PURANAS AND THE TANTRAS
1
Mahanirvana Tantra
14.117-21.
2
Thapar,
Early India
, 261.
3
Keay,
India
, 161.
4
Ibid., citing Bana’s
Harsha-charita
.
5
Bana,
Kadambari
, trans. Gwendolyn Layne, 174-75.
6
Lévi,
Le théâtre,
184-95. The Kashmiri historian Rajashekhara, in the ninth century, identified him as a Chandala. Sylvain Lévi identifies him as a Jaina, but his name betrays his low-caste origin.
7
Harsha,
Ratnavali
.
8
Beal,
Si-yu-ki
, 89.
9
Devahuti,
Harsha: A Political Study
, 154-57.
10
Keay,
India
, 182.
11
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 48.
12
Thapar,
Early India
, 275.
13
Ingalls, “Cynics and Pashupatas,” 284, citing the Mathara pillar inscription of Chandragupta II,
Epigraphica Indica
, vol. 21, 1-9.
14
Flood (
Introduction
, 155-57) dates the
Pashupata Sutra
to about the ninth century, but Ingalls thought it was the work of Lakulisha, about 100 CE.
15
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 48.
16
Flood,
Introduction
, 165.
17
Pashupata Sutra
3.3-19; Ingalls, “Cynics.”
18
Lorenzen,
Kabir Legends
, 102, 31-32;
Kapalikas
, 187-88.
19
Flood,
Introduction,
157.
20
Shiva Purana, Jnana Samhita
, 49.65-80; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 280.
21
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 123-28.
22
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 146-59.
23
Ibid., 277-86.
24
Ibid., 281;
Shiva Purana
3.8-9.
25
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 124.
26
Siva Purana
2.2.16.30-36; cf 2.3.24.60-75; 2.4.4.5.
27
Mahabhagavata Purana
22.38-39;
Skanda Purana
1.1.21.15.
28
Varaha Purana
97.2-8; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 279.
29
Skanda Purana
1.1.1.20-40;
Shiva Purana
2.2.26-27.
30
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 272ff.
31
Shiva Purana
2.2.26.15-40.
32
Saura Purana
7.38-39;
Markandeya Purana
49.13;
Kurma Purana
1.15.29-33.
33
Devibhagavata Purana
7.30.
34
Doniger and Smith, “Sacrifice and Substitution.”
35
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 123-29.
36
Flood,
Introduction
, 192.
37
Devi-bhagavata Purana
7.30.27-37, 40-50;
Brahmavaivarta Purana
4.42-43;
Maha-bhagavata Purana
11-23;
Skanda Purana, Kedara Khanda
162; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 249-51.
38
Markandeya Purana
85-90.
39
Markandeya Purana
80.21-44; cf.
Skanda Purana
3.1.6.8-42; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 240-49.
40
Skanda Purana
1.3.1.10.1-60.
41
Devi-Bhagavata Purana
5.2-11; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women, Androgynes
, 82.
42
Skanda Purana
1.3.2.18-21.
43
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 21.
44
Flood,
Introduction
, 158.
45
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 9, 123, 159.
46
Flood,
Introduction
, 158.
47
Ibid., 154.
48
Ibid., 155.
49
Kripal, “Hinduism and Popular Western Culture.”
50
Kurma Purana
1.16.109-20; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 310.
51
Devi-bhagavata Purana
7.39.26-32.
52
Woodruffe,
Shakti and Shakta
, 570; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 318.
53
White,
Kiss of the Yogini,
254, 211.
54
Mahayoga Tantra
, cited by Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog,” 385.
55
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 253.
56
Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog.”
57
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.1-20.
58
Flood,
Introduction
, 189.
59
White,
Kiss of the Yogini,
220.
60
Ibid., 254.
61
Ibid., xiii.
62
Ibid., 72.
63
Markandeya Purana
85-90.
64
Vamana Purana
44.30-38;
Markandeya Purana
88.39-61;
Matsya Purana
179.1-86; O’Flaherty,
Women
, 34.
65
Padma Purana
1.46.1-32, 47-108, 119-21;
Skanda Purana
1.2.27-29 (Doniger O’Flaherty,
Hindu Myths
, 251-61);
Matsya Purana
154-57.
66
Urban, “Matrix of Power.”
67
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 68.
68
Ibid., 220.
69
Ibid., 7-8.
70
Ibid., 67.
71
Ibid., 235
72
Flood,
Introduction,
166.
73
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 235.
74
Ibid., 159.
75
Ibid., xii.
76
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.20.
77
Ibid., 11.110-20.
78
White,
Kiss of the Yogini,
77, 268-71.
79
Sanjukta Gupta, “The Domestication of a Goddess,” 62.
80
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.1-20.
81
Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog,” 392-93.
82
Urban, “What’s in It.”
83
Flood,
Introduction,
191.
84
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 82.
85
Yoni Tantra
7.16b-17b.
86
Bharati, “Making Sense out of Tantrism and Tantrics,” 53.
87
Urban,
The Economics of Ecstasy,
82-90;
Magia Sexualis
, 91-92;
Tantra
, 9-10, 41, 229.
88
Urban, “Matrix of Power.”
89
Flood,
Introduction,
195-96.
90
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 253-54.
91
Flood,
Introduction
, 191-92.
92
As the historian Kshemendra reports, in Kashmir in the tenth or eleventh century CE.
93
Flood,
Introduction
, 161.
94
Skanda Purana
1.8.18-19.
95
Mahanirvana Tantra
14.180-89.
96
Skanda Purana
4.2.87-89.
97
Bipradas,
Manasabijay
, 235, cited by Doniger O’Flaherty,
Siva
, 227.
98
Banerjea,
The Development of Hindu Iconography
.
99
Mahanirvana Tantra
6.104-19.
100
Ibid., 11.120-30.
101
Ibid., 11.130-43.
102
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 56.
103
Ibid., 48; cf. Dehejia,
Indian Art,
128.
104
Mitter,
Indian Art,
48; cf. Dehejia,
Indian Art
, 128-31.
105
Keay,
India,
xxviii.
106
Mitter,
Indian Art,
53-54.
107
Dehejia,
Indian Art
, 132-33.
108
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Dreams
, 94-95.
109
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 66-67
110
Devangana Desai,
Religious Imagery
, 153.
111
Keay,
India,
278.
112
Ibid.
113
Michell,
Hindu Art and Architecture
, 30.
114
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 79, citing Michael Meister.
115
Ibid., 68.
116
Flood,
Introduction,
158.
117
Devangana Desai,
Religious Imagery
.
118
Dehejia,
Yogini, Cult and Temples
.
119
Mitter,
Indian Art
, 81.
120
White,
Kiss of the Yogini
, 12.
121
Mitter,
Indian Art,
42-43.
122
Keay,
India
, 213.
123
Michell,
Hindu Art and Architecture,
29.
124
Keay,
India
, 213.
125
Rushdie, “Introduction” to the
Baburnama
.
126
Keay,
India
, 278.
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