The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (99 page)

15.
H. B. Nicholson,
Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
(2001), pp. 250–251.

16.
Prem, pp. 21–22; Adams, pp. 8–69; Saunders,
Ancient Americas
, p. 79.

17.
Nicholson, pp. 10–11.

18.
Prem, p. 24; Adams, p. 73.

19.
Adams, p. 75.

Chapter Seventy-Six
Schism

1.
James Muldoon,
Empire and Order
(1999), pp. 34–35.

2.
Alexander Clarence Flick,
The Rise of the Mediaeval Church and Its Influence on the Civilisation of Western Europe from the First to the Thirteenth Century
(1909), p. 403.

3.
Althoff, p. 72.

4.
Flick, p. 404; Althoff, pp. 73–79.

5.
Kelly,
Oxford Dictionary of Popes
, pp. 27–28.

6.
Slightly condensed from Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 119–120.

7.
Thietmar of Merseburg, p. 187; Althoff, pp. 127–129.

8.
Blumenthal, p. 42.

9.
Ibid., p. 43.

10.
Christopher Brooke,
Europe in the Central Middle Ages, 962–1154
, 2d ed. (1987), p. 227.

11.
Robert Warrand Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle,
A History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West
(1915), pp. 146, 164, 228; Brooke, p. 229.

12.
Flick, p. 408.

13.
Brooke, p. 231; Karle Hampe,
Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors
, trans. Ralph Bennett (1973), pp. 43–45.

14.
Hampe, p. 47.

15.
Stefan Weinfurter,
The Salian Century
(1999), p. 101.

16.
Flick, p. 410; F. Donald Logan,
A History of the Church in the Middle Ages
(2002), pp. 102–103.

17.
Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 121–122.

18.
Ibid., p. 122.

19.
Anna Comnena, 1
The Alexiad of Anna Comnena
, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (1969), 1. 10–11

20.
William of Apulia, “Gesta Roberti Wiscardi,” book 2, in G. H. Pertz et al.,
Chronica et annales aevi Salici
(1963).

21.
Goffredo Malaterra,
The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard
, trans. Kenneth Baxter Wolf (2005), book 1.

22.
William of Apulia, book 2, in Pertz et al.

23.
Henry Chadwick,
East and West
(2003), pp. 206–207, 211–213.

24.
Horst Fuhrmann,
Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200
, trans. Timothy Reuter (1986), p. 55.

Chapter Seventy-Seven
Danish Domination

1.
Howard, pp. 126, 133.

2.
Henry of Huntingdon, p. 192; Swanton, p. 145.

3.
Henry of Huntingdon, p. 195.

4.
Swanton, p. 152; William of Malmesbury, p. 317.

5.
Swanton, p. 153.

6.
John of Worcester,
Chronicles
, vol. 2, p. 503.

7.
Swanton, pp. 157–159.

8.
Ibid., p. 159.

9.
Peter Rex,
Harold II
(2005), pp. 26–27; Swanton, p. 158.

10.
Encomium Emmae Reginae
, trans. Alistair Campbell (1998), p. xxxiv.

11.
Swanton, p. 160.

12.
Benjamin T. Hudson,
Prophecy of Berchán
(1996), pp. 223–224.

13.
Swanton, pp. 160–162.

Chapter Seventy-Eight
The Norman Conquest

1.
David Howarth,
1066
(1977), p. 34; John of Worcester,
Chronicles
, vol. 2 p. 535.

2.
William of Malmesbury, p. 353.

3.
Henry of Huntingdon, p. 202; William of Malmesbury, p. 353.

4.
Henry of Huntingdon, p. 202.

5.
William of Malmesbury, p. 353; John of Worcester,
Chronicles
, vol. 2, pp. 570–571.

6.
Howarth, pp. 67–68, 74–75.

7.
Swanton, pp. 194–195.

8.
Swanton, p. 196.

9.
Howarth, pp. 127–129; Rex, pp. 217–219.

10.
Howarth, pp. 134–135.

11.
Henry of Huntingdon, p. 209.

12.
Swanton, pp. 198–199.

Chapter Seventy-Nine
The Kings of Spain

1.
Watt, pp. 81–82; Abd Allah b. Buluggin,
The Tibyan
, trans. Amin T. Tibi (1986), p. 43.

2.
Abd Allah b. Buluggin, p 43; Watt, p. 82.

3.
Hugh Kennedy, “Muslim Spain and Portugal,” in David Luscome and Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds.,
The New Cambridge Medieval History
, vol. 4 (2004), p. 599.

4.
Abd Allah b. Buluggin, p. 43.

5.
Manuela Marin and Salma Khadra Jayyusi,
Handbuch der Orientalistik 12, Abt. 1, Bd.
(1992), p. 46.

6.
Peter C. Scales,
The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba
(1994), p. 93; Marin and Jayyusi, p. 48.

7.
Scales, pp. 2, 9, 99.

8.
Anita George,
Annals of the Queens of Spain
(1850), pp. 52-53.

9.
Pedro, King of Aragon,
The Chronicle of San Juan De La Peña
, trans. Lynn H. Nelson (1991), p. 14.

10.
Simon Barton and R. A. Fletcher,
The World of El Cid
(2000), pp. 49–50.

11.
Ibid., p. 101.

12.
Ibid., p. 32.

13.
Ibid., p. 103; trans., John Ormsby,
The Poem of the Cid
, (1879), p. 63.

14.
Marín and Jayyusi, p. 61.

15.
Roland Oliver and Brian M. Fagan,
Africa in the Iron Age, c. 500 BC to AD 1400
(1975), p. 160.

16.
Oliver and Fagan, p. 160; David Robinson,
Muslim Societies in African History
(2004), pp. 39–40.

17.
Oliver and Fagan, p. 161; Arie Schippers,
Spanish Hebrew Poetry and the Arab Literary Tradition
(1994), p. 331; Barton and Fletcher, p. 113.

18.
Watt, p. 98.

19.
Richard A. Fletcher,
The Quest for El Cid
(1990), p. 185; Barton and Fletcher, p. 147.

20.
Bernard F. Reilly,
The Medieval Spains
(1993), p. 99; Luscome and Riley-Smith, p. 609; Marín and Jayyusi, pp. 64–65.

21.
George, pp. 187–188; Reilly, p. 109.

Chapter Eighty
The Arrival of the Turks

1.
Psellus, pp. 53, 57.

2.
Ibid., pp. 64–65.

3.
Ibid., p. 81.

4.
Shaun Tougher, “Byzantine Eunuchs: An Overview, with Special Reference to Their Creation and Origin,” in Liz James, ed.,
Women, Men, and Eunuchs
(1997), pp. 178–179.

5.
Psellus, p. 93.

6.
Ibid., p. 116.

7.
Ibid., pp. 138–139.

8.
Ibid., p. 155.

9.
Ibid., p. 158.

10.
Luscome and Riley-Smith, p. 230.

11.
Grousset, p. 150.

12.
Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir,
The Annals of the Saljuq Turks
, trans. D. S. Richards (2002), pp. 67–68; Ibrahim Kafesoglu and Gary Leiser,
A History of the Seljuks
(1988), pp. 40–41.

13.
Psellus, pp. 224–225.

14.
Ibid., p. 300.

15.
Archer Jones,
The Art of War in the Western World
(1987), p. 100.

16.
Ibid., p. 101.

17.
Psellus, pp. 365–366.

Chapter Eighty-One
The Loss of the Song

1.
Ruth W. Dunnell,
The Great State of White and High
(1996), p. 37.

2.
Ibid., pp. 38–39.

3.
Ebrey, pp. 140–141.

4.
Lorge, p. 45.

5.
Lorge, p. 46.

6.
Gernet, pp. 310–311; Needham et al., pp. 93–94.

7.
Twitchett et al., pp. 216, 219.

8.
Lee et al.,
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization
, p. 275; Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 126.

9.
Lee,
New History of Korea
, pp. 127–128.

10.
Twitchett et al., p. 222.

11.
Stephen Eskildsen,
The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters
(2004), pp. 192–193.

12.
Lorge, pp. 50–51.

13.
David R. Olson and Michael Cole,
Technology, Literacy and the Evolution of Society
(2006), pp. 60–61.