The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (96 page)

18.
Piggott, p. 282; Reischauer, p. 249.

19.
Peter Martin,
The Chrysanthemum Throne
(1997), p. 56.

20.
Takie Sugiyama Lebra,
Above the Clouds
(1993), p. 35; Michele Marra,
The Aesthetics of Discontent
(1991), pp. 38–39.

Chapter Fifty-Four
The Triumph of the Outsiders

1.
Gernet, p. 266; Denis Twitchett et al.,
The Cambridge History of China
, vol. 6 (1994), p. 7.

2.
Roberts, p. 95; Van de Ven, p. 165.

3.
MacGowan, pp. 329–331.

4.
Chye Kiang Heng,
Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats
(1999), pp. 20, 78–81.

5.
Roberts, p. 107.

6.
de Bary et al., p. 374.

7.
Gernet, p. 267.

8.
Roberts, p. 96.

9.
Gernet, p. 267.

10.
Quoted in Heng, p. 73.

11.
Twitchett et al. (1994), p. 56.

12.
MacGowan, pp. 338–339.

13.
Ibid., pp. 339-340.

14.
Twitchett et al. (1994), p. 10.

15.
Roger Tennant,
A History of Korea
(1996), p. 67.

16.
Ibid., pp. 67–68.

17.
Lee et al.,
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization
, p. 126.

18.
Ibid., p. 126.

19.
Tennant (1996), p. 68; Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 98.

20.
Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 98; Tennant, pp. 68–69.

21.
Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 99; Tennant, p. 70.

22.
Jong-gil Kim,
Among the Flowering Reeds
(2003), p. 32.

23.
Tennant, pp. 69–70.

24.
Lee et al.
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization
(1993), pp. 129, 261.

25.
Tennant, pp. 70–71; Lee et al.,
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization
(1993), p. 261.

Chapter Fifty-Five
The Third Dynasty

1.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 30, p. 335.

2.
P. M. Holt, et al., eds.
The Cambridge History of Islam
, vol. 1 (1970), pp. 118–119.

3.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 31, p. 23.

4.
Ibid, pp. 48–51.

5.
Ibid., pp. 152–153, 185–186.

6.
Holt et al., pp. 119–123.

7.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 32, pp. 131–134.

Chapter Fifty-Six
The Vikings

1.
Jones,
History of the Vikings
, pp. 25–26.

2.
Louis Halphen,
Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire
, trans. Giselle de Nie (1977), p. 97.

3.
Wallace-Hadrill,
Early Germanic Kingship
, p. 114; Nithard’s
Histories
, 2, in Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers, trans.,
Carolingian Chronicles
(1970), p. 130.

4.
Halphen, p. 158.

5.
Scholz with Rogers, p. 131.

6.
Ibid., p. 133.

7.
Janet L. Nelson, trans.,
The Annals of St. Bertin
(1991), p. 49.

8.
“Engelbert at the Battle of Fontenoy,” in Dutton, p. 364.

9.
H. W. Carless Davis,
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
(1925), p. 314.

10.
Franklin and Shepard, p. 56.

11.
P. H. Sawyer,
Kings and Vikings
(1982), p. 88; Pierre Riche,
The Carolingians
, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (1993), p. 192.

12.
Riche, p. 197.

13.
Franklin and Shepard, p. 9.

14.
Ibid., p. 29.

15.
Nelson, p. 44.

16.
Franklin and Shepard, p. 40.

17.
Ibid., pp. 55–56.

18.
Photius,
The Homilies of Photius
, trans. Cyril Mango (1958), pp. 95–96.

19.
Franklin and Shepard, p. 51.

20.
Ibid., p. 58–59.

Chapter Fifty-Seven
Long-Lived Kings

1.
Dilip Kumar Ganguly,
Ancient India, History and Archaeology
(1994), p. 44; Rama Shankar Tripathi,
History of Kanauj
(1964), pp. 227–228.

2.
Tripathi, pp. 232–234.

3.
Sailendra Nath Sen,
Ancient Indian History and Civilization
(1988), p. 371.

4.
R. C. Majumdar,
Ancient India
(1964), p. 367.

5.
Kulke, p. 11.

6.
Tripathi, pp. 239, 241.

7.
Majumdar, p. 367; Tripathi, p. 243.

8.
Majumdar, p. 404.

Chapter Fifty-Eight
Foreign and Domestic Relations

1.
From “The
Vita
of Methodius,” in Deno John Geanakoplos, ed.,
Byzantium
(1984), p. 348.

2.
Ostrogorsky, p. 203.

3.
Obolensky, p. 207.

4.
P. M. Barford,
The Early Slavs
(2001), p. 221.

5.
Nelson, p. 137.

6.
Ostrogorsky, pp. 204–205.

7.
Obolensky, p. 207; Barford, p. 222.

8.
Vasiliev, p. 301.

9.
Ibid., p. 304; Ostrogorsky, pp. 212–213.

10.
Shaun Tougher,
The Reign of Leo VI (886–912)
(1997), p. 61.

11.
Ibid., p. 62.

Chapter Fifty-Nine
The Second Caliphate

1.
Dominique Sourdel,
Medieval Islam
(1983), pp. 76–79; Seyyed Hossein Nasr,
Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present
(2006), p. 122.

2.
Holt et al., p. 124; Sourdel, pp. 78–79.

3.
Paul E. Walker,
Fatimid History and Ismaili Doctrine
(2008), 2.4

4.
Holt et al., p. 125.

5.
Ibid., pp. 125–126.

6.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 34, translator’s preface, pp. xi–xii.

7.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 35, pp. 164–165.

8.
Holt et al., p. 129.

9.
S. D. Goitein, “On the Origin of the Term Vizier,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
, 81:4 (Sep.–Dec. 1961), pp. 425–426.

Chapter Sixty
The Great Army of the Vikings

1.
Quoted in Margaret Mahler,
A History of Chirk Castle and Chirkland
(1912), p. 202.

2.
Magnus Magnusson,
Scotland
(2000), p. 40.

3.
Collins, p. 194; Simeon of Durham,
The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham
, trans. J. Stevenson (1855), p. 487.

4.
Bryan Sykes,
Saxons, Vikings, and Celts
(2006), p. 261; Snorri Sturluson,
Heimskringla
, trans. Erling Monsen (1932), p. 5; John Asser,
Asser’s Life of King Alfred
, trans. Lionel Cecil Jane (1908), p. 41.

5.
Bede, p. 299.

6.
Seamus Heaney,
Beowulf
(2001), 2.175–179.

7.
Sykes, p. 262.

8.
Swanton, p. 68.

9.
Ibid., p. 70; Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, trans.,
Alfred the Great
(1983), p. 77.

10.
Swanton, p. 71.

11.
Keynes and Lapidge, p. 83.

12.
Asser, p. 38.

13.
Simeon of Durham, p. 476.

14.
Keynes and Lapidge, p. 84.

15.
John of Worcester,
The Chronicle of John of Worcester
, vol. 2:
The Annals from 450 to 1066
, trans. Jennifer Bray and P. McGurk (1995), p. 355.

Chapter Sixty-One
Struggle for the Iron Crown

1.
Eric Joseph Goldberg,
Struggle for Empire
(2006), p. 331.

2.
Halphen, p. 319.

3.
Ibid., p. 324.

4.
Ibid., p. 327.

5.
Quoted in Riche, p. 219.

6.
Liudprand of Cremona,
The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona
, trans. Paolo Squatriti (2007), p. 67.

7.
Ibid., p. 64.