The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (93 page)

7.
Ibid., 4.19.

8.
Ibid., 4.30.

9.
Ibid., 4.38.

10.
Ibid., 4.42.

11.
Geary, pp. 152–154.

12.
Fredegar, 4.67.

13.
Ibid., 4.85.

14.
Ibid.,
Continations
1–2.

15.
Geary, p. 180.

Chapter Thirty-Five
Gregory the Great

1.
Paul the Deacon, 2.28.

2.
Ibid., 3.35.

3.
Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12, p. 399.

4.
Paul the Deacon, 3.24.

5.
Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12, p. 420.

6.
Epistle 1.3, in ibid., p. 532.

7.
Jeffrey Richards,
The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752
(1979), p. 173.

8.
Epistle 5.36, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12, p. 704.

9.
Richards, p. 174.

10.
Henry Mayr-Hartin,
The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England
(1972), pp. 33–34.

11.
Bede, 1.23; Gregory the Great, Epistle 5.51, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12, p. 753.

12.
Bede, 1.25, 5.24.

13.
Quoted in Fletcher,
The Barbarian Conversion
(1999), p. 115.

14.
Bede, 1.26.

15.
Epistle 8.30, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 12, p. 815; Fletcher,
Barbarian Conversion
, p. 116.

16.
Epistle 11.64, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 13, p. 133.

17.
Bede, 1.26.

Chapter Thirty-Six
The Persian Crusade

1.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 298.

2.
Theophylact Simocatta,
The History of Theophylact Simocatta
, trans. Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby (1986), 8. 1–3

3.
Frye, “Political History of Iran under the Sasanians,” in Yarshater, pp. 163–165.

4.
Gregory, p. 151.

5.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, pp. 126–128; Maurice,
Maurice’s Strategikon
, trans. George T. Dennis (1984), 9.4.

6.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. I, pp. 85–86.

7.
Ibid., pp. 88–89.

8.
Ibid., p. 92.

9.
Theophanes the Confessor,
The Chronicle of Theophanes
, trans. Harry Turtledove (1982), p. 1.

10.
Gregory the Great, Epistle 13.31, in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 13, p. 173.

11.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 3; Ostrogorsky, p. 84.

12.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 9.

13.
Ibid., p. 10.

14.
Fredegar 4.34.

15.
Antiochus Strategos, “The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 ad,” trans. F. C. Conybeare,
English Historical Review
, 25 (1910), pp. 509–510.

16.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 12.

17.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, p. 219.

18.
Quoted in ibid., p. 220.

19.
Ibid., p. 223.

20.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), pp. 13–14.

21.
Ostrogorsky, pp. 100–101.

22.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 15.

23.
Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 55.

24.
Fredegar, 4.48.

25.
Collins, pp. 118–119; Ostrogorsky, pp. 102–103.

26.
Theodore the Syncellus,
Traduction et Commentaire de l’homélie écrite probablement par Théodore le Syncelle sur le siège de Constantinople en 626
, trans. Ferenc Makk (1975), 22.

27.
Ostrogorsky, p. 103.

28.
Theodore the Syncellus, 33.

29.
Frye,
History of Ancient Iran
, p. 337.

30.
Andreas N. Stratos,
Byzantium in the Seventh Century
, vol. 1 (1968), pp. 602–614.

31.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 678.

32.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
, pp. 327–328.

Chapter Thirty-Seven
The Prophet

1.
Jerry Rogers et al.,
Water Resources and Environmental History
(2004), p. 36.

2.
Dionysius, p. 65.

3.
Paul Dresch,
Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen
(1993), p. 6; Keys, pp. 60–62;
The Holy Qur’an,
trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali (2000), Surah 34.15–16, 19.

4.
Saunders,
History of Medieval Islam
, p. 22.

5.
Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, trans. A Guillaume (1997), p. 119.

6.
Armstrong,
Muhammad
, pp. 58–59, 67–68, 94. I am indebted to Karen Armstrong for her insightful analysis of the differences between tribal and urban Arab society in the fifth and sixth centuries.

7.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam,
vol. 1 (1974), pp. 149–150.

8.
Ishaq, pp. 63, 73, 79.

9.
Ibid., p. 84.

10.
Ibid., p. 106.

11.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam
, vol. 1, p. 163.

12.
Holy Qur’an
, Surah 93; Ishaq, p. 112.

13.
Ishaq, p. 119.

14.
Ibid., p. 213.

15.
Ibid., p. 221.

16.
Ibid., p. 232.

Chapter Thirty-Eight
Tang Dominance

1.
John Curtis Perry and Bardwell L. Smith, eds.,
Essays on T’ang Society
(1976), pp. 20–21.

2.
Barfield, pp. 142–144.

3.
Roberts, p. 82.

4.
Barfield, p. 144.

5.
Roberts, p. 105.

6.
Barfield, p. 145.

7.
Hucker, p. 141; René Grousset,
The Empire of the Steppes
(1970), p. 102.

8.
Roberts, p. 106; A. Tom Grunfeld,
The Making of Modern Tibet
, rev. ed. (1996), p. 35.

9.
Grunfeld, pp. 35–37; Roberts, pp. 105–107.

10.
Michael, p. 111; Dora Shu-fang Dien,
Empress Wu Zetian in Fiction and in History
(2003), pp. 34–35.

11.
Grousset, pp. 102–103.

12.
C. P. Fitzgerald,
The Empress Wu
(1968), pp. 42–43.

13.
Aston,
Nihongi
(1896), p. 191.

14.
Aston, pp. 192–193.

15.
Gary L. Ebersole,
Ritual Poetry and the Politics of Death in Early Japan
(1989), p. 231.

16.
Carter J. Eckert et al.,
Korea, Old and New
(1990), pp. 42–43.

17.
Ibid., p. 43.

Chapter Thirty-Nine
The Tribe of Faith

1.
Armstrong,
Muhammad
, p. 154.

2.
Holy Qu’ran
, Surah 2.13; Martin Lings,
Muhammad
(1983), pp. 126–127.

3.
Ishaq, pp. 235–236.

4.
Ibid., p. 280.

5.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam
, vol. 1, pp. 174–175.

6.
Ishaq, pp. 286–289.

7.
Lings, pp. 136–137;
Holy Qu’ran
, Surah 2.217.

8.
Lings, pp. 140–141.

9.
Ishaq, p. 464.

10.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam
, vol. 1, pp. 194–195.

11.
Barnaby Rogerson,
The Prophet Muhammad
(2003), pp. 207ff.

12.
Saunders,
History of Medieval Islam
, pp. 139–140.

13.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 14:
The Conquest of Iran
, trans. G. Rex Smith (1994), p. 114.

14.
Kennedy,
Prophet and the Age
, pp. 55–56.

15.
Saunders,
History of Medieval Islam
, p. 41.

16.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 15, p. 86.