The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (91 page)

3.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1, 1.4; al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 111, 116; Joshua the Stylite, 11.

4.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, pp. 128–129; Joshua the Stylite 18–19.

5.
Mary Boyce, “On the Orthodoxy of Sasanian Zoroastrianism,”
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
, 59:1 (1996), p. 23.

6.
Ehsan Yarshater, “Mazdakism,” in Ehsan Yarshater, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Iran
, vol. 3(2) (1983), p. 1019.

7.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 132; Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1, 1.5.

8.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1, 1.5.

9.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 5, p. 136; Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1 (1914), 1.6.

10.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 290.

11.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1, 1.7; Joshua the Stylite, 53.

12.
Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 1, 1.10.

13.
Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, trans. and ed.,
The Russian Primary Chronicle
(1953), p. 55; Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 294.

14.
Evagrius Scholasticus,
Ecclesiastical History
, trans. E. Walford (1846), 38.

15.
Timothy Gregory,
A History of Byzantium
(2005), pp. 121–123.

16.
Geoffrey Greatrex, “The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal,”
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
, 117 (1997), p. 64.

17.
Procopius,
The Secret History
, trans. G. A. Williamson (1966), p. 73.

Chapter Twenty-Three
Aspirations

1.
Duan Wenjie,
Dunhuang Art
(1994), p. 127.

2.
Gernet, pp. 192–193; J. A. G. Roberts,
The Complete History of China
(2003), pp. 68–69.

3.
Joseph Needham et al., “Chemistry and Chemical Technology,” in
Science and Civilization in China
vol. 3, part 3 (1976), p. 119.

4.
Michael, pp. 96–97; W. Scott Morton and Charlton M. Lewis,
China
, 4th ed. (1995), pp. 77–78.

5.
Richard Dawson,
Imperial China
(1972), p. 33.

6.
Wong Kiew Kit,
The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu
(2002), p. 19.

7.
Norman Kutcher,
Mourning in Late Imperial China
(1999), p. 93.

8.
David A. Graff and Robin Higham, eds.,
A Military History of China
(2002), p. 33; Roberts, p. 69; Dawson, p. 33.

9.
MacGowan, p. 223.

10.
Lee,
New History of Korea
, p. 40.

11.
Ibid., pp. 38–40.

12.
Ibid., p. 43; Keith Pratt,
Korea
(1999), p. 3.

13.
Ilyon,
Samguk Yusa,
trans. Tae-hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz (1972), pp. 67–68.

14.
Lee and de Bary, pp. 72–73.

15.
Ibid., pp. 77–78.

Chapter Twenty-Four
Resentment

1.
MacGowan, p. 225; Paludan, p. 72.

2.
MacGowan, p. 225.

3.
Ibid., pp. 226–227; Paludan, p. 73.

4.
MacGowan, pp. 228–229.

5.
MacGowan, p. 233; Fitzgerald,
China
, p. 279.

6.
de Bary et al., p. 176.

7.
MacGowan, p. 237.

8.
Mark Elvin,
The Pattern of the Chinese Past
(1973), p. 47.

9.
Graff and Higham (2002), p. 31.

10.
Gernet, p. 175; Barfield, p. 124.

11.
Barfield, p. 25.

12.
Boulger, p. 163.

13.
Roberts, p. 69.

Chapter Twenty-Five
Elected Kings

1.
Gregory of Tours, 2.18–19; Collins, p. 36.

2.
Gregory of Tours, 2.27; Collins, p. 33.

3.
Gregory of Tours, 2.30.

4.
Ibid., 2.31.

5.
Ibid., 2.37; Patrick J. Geary,
Before France and Germany
(1988), pp. 86–87.

6.
Collins, pp. 36–37.

7.
Geary, pp. 90–91.

8.
Geoffrey of Monmouth,
History of the Kings of Britain
, trans. Lewis Thorpe (1966), 6.14.

9.
Gildas; 25.3; William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum Anglorum,
vol. 1, trans. R. A. B. Mynors et al. (1998), 1.8; Bede, 1.16.

10.
Swanton, pp. 14–15.

11.
O Hogain, p. 216; Herm, p. 275.

12.
Swanton, p. 15.

13.
O Hogain, p. 216.

14.
Herm, p. 277; O Hogain, p. 217. O Hogain suggests that Camlann may have been much farther north, on the western end of Hadrian’s Wall, but Camelford in England is the traditional location.

15.
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill,
Early Germanic Kingship in England and on the Continent
(1971), p. 14.

16.
Collins, p. 43.

Chapter Twenty-Six
Invasion and Eruption

1.
Mookerji, pp. 119–120; Kulke, p. 90.

2.
T. W. Rhys Davids, trans.,
The Questions of King Milinda
(1890).

3.
Charles Eliot,
Hinduism and Buddhism
, vol. 3 (1921), p. 198.

4.
Thapar,
Early India
, p. 287.

5.
Alexander Cunningham,
The Bhilsa Topes
(1854), p. 163.

6.
Samuel Beal, trans.,
Travels of Fah-hian and Sun-yung, Buddhist Pilgrims, from China to India (400 A.D. and 518 A.D.)
, (1969), p. 197.

7.
Ganguly,
Imperial Guptas
, p. 120; Thapar,
Early India
, p. 287.

8.
David Keys,
Catastrophe
(1999), pp. 254, 262–269. It is possible but not at all certain that Java and Sumatra were originally one connected land mass.

9.
Ibid., pp. 5, 247, 251; Procopius,
History of the Wars and Buildings
, vol. 2 (1916), 4.14; Charles Cockell,
Impossible Extinction
(2003), p. 121.

10.
Cassiodorus,
The Letters of Cassiodorus
, trans. Thomas Hodgkin (1886), pp. 518–520.

11.
John Savino and Marie D. Jones,
Supervolcano
, (2007), p. 85.

12.
Keys, p. 259.

Chapter Twenty-Seven
The Americas

1.
Keys, pp. 5, 189–190.

2.
Richard E. W. Adams,
Ancient Civilizations of the New World
(1997), pp. 50–51.

3.
Joyce Marcus, “The Origins of Mesoamerican Writing,”
Annual Review of Anthropology
, 5 (1976), p. 37.

4.
Ibid., pp. 39–40.

5.
Elizabeth Hill Boone,
Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate
(2007), p. 14.

6.
Keys, pp. 186–87; Adams, pp. 43–44; George L. Cowgill, “State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico,”
Annual Review of Anthropology
, 26 (199), pp. 129–130.

7.
Saburo Sugiyama, “Worldview Materialized in Teotihuacan, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
, 4:2 (1993), p. 105.

8.
Richard Haly, “Bare Bones: Rethinking Mesoamerican Divinity,”
History of Religions
, 31:3 (1992), pp. 280–281.

9.
Ibid., p. 287.

10.
Boone, p. 13.

11.
Haly, p. 297; Keys, p. 193.

12.
Rene Millon, “Teotihuacan: City, State and Civilization,” in Victoria Reifler Bricker, ed.,
Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians
, vol. 1, pp. 235–238; Norman Yoffee, ed.,
The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations
(1988), pp. 149ff; Keys, pp. 192–193, 197–198.

13.
Ernesto Gonzalez Licon,
Vanished Mesoamerican Civilizations
, trans. Andrew Ellis (1991), pp. 81–83.

14.
Ibid., p. 92.

Chapter Twenty-Eight
Great and Holy Majesty

1.
John J. Saunders,
A History of Medieval Islam
(1978), pp. 5–6.

2.
Karen Armstrong,
Muhammad
(1993), p. 62.

3.
Irfan Shahid,
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century,
vol. 2, Part 1 (2002), pp. 2–3, 140; Hugh Kennedy,
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
, 2 d ed. (2004), p. 17.

4.
Alois Grillmeier,
Christ in Christian Tradition
, vol. 2, trans. O. C. Dean (1996), p. 306.