Maldives
39
,
84–5
,
97
,
112
,
151
,
175
,
261
,
278
;
tourism in
277
Maluku, Maluku islands
see
spice trade
Manguin, Pierre-Yves
71
Markovits, Claude
219
Marmagao
262
Martin, Esmond Bradley
257
Mascarene islands
see
Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles
indentured labour in
223–4
;
tourism in
277
Mecca
192
;
see hajj Medina
[ship]
231
Melaka
82–3
,
94
,
96
,
98
,
101
,
114
,
136
,
148
,
164
merchants
95–6
;
communities
99–101
;
expertise of
95
;
position in port cities
97–9
;
under colonialism
219–20
Mills, J.V.
90–1
Mocha
132
Mogul Line
205
Mollat du Jourdain, M
122
Moluccas
see
Malukus
Mombasa
19
,
36
,
92
,
130
,
132
,
137
,
141
;
as colonial port
217
;
see also
Swahili coast
steamships ignore
206–7
Morocco, influence on Portuguese
125
Moshulu
[barque]
209
movies, Indian
280
and Portuguese
34
,
120
,
132
,
137
,
138
,
141
,
142
,
177
Mughals
116
;
relations with Dutch and English
149
;
with Portuguese
131
Muhammadi
[ship]
185
ship building at
218
Murphey, Rhoads
32
Muslims
95
;
attitudes to sea
62–3
;
circulation in Indian Ocean
75–6
;
local rites criticised
161–2
;
merchant communities
100–1
;
rites at sea
107–9
;
on Swahili coast
153–4
;
see also
rectification
naus
[Portuguese large ships]
134
,
135
,
137
,
138
,
185
;
life on
186–8
navigation, Arab
71–3
;
British
199–200
;
difficulty of
17–18
;
early
56–7
navy, navies
see
strategy
necessities, trade in
see
pedlars
Newby, Eric
208–9
nutmeg
see
spice trade
Oceano
[P&O ship]
209
oil tankers
263
Oman
198
;
see
also Zanzibar
Onor
see
Honavar
Orana
[ship]
235
Pathan
[ship]
240
Pearce, Wilfred
234–5
pedlars
7–8
,
50–1
,
55–6
,
85–6
,
102–3
,
162
,
165
,
208
,
251–3
Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company [P&O]
195
,
230–1
;
subsidies
203–4
Penrad, Jean-Claude
28
pepper
see
spice trade
Perak
[ship]
254
Persia, Persians
54
,
78
,
88–9
,
96
,
103
,
130
,
133
,
136
Pfeiffer, Ida
222
pilgrimage, Buddhist
173
;
Christian
173
;
Muslim
see hajj
Pinto, Fernão Mendes
171
British and
198–9
;
modern
285–6
political elites and trade
101–2
,
104–5
,
123
,
142
pollution
279–80
Polo, Marco
18
,
63
,
70
,
83
,
84
,
89
,
98
,
105–6
Port Blair
255
attitudes to trade and traders
114–5
,
123
,
142
;
complex markets
159–61
;
and Dutch and English
150
;
influence of inland states on
34–7
;
see also
individual ports
ports, colonial
211–17
;
compared with earlier ports
217–18
;
see also
individual engineers, ports
Portuguese in Indian Ocean
118
;
aims and policies
120–2
;
changes in
121
;
with China
131–2
;
corruption
141–2
;
cultural influence
139
;
economic effects
132–6
;
evaluation of claims
122–4
;
evaluation of Portuguese in Indian Ocean
137–8
;
as frontier society
125–6
;
success of
127–36
(
see
individual areas);
in Gujarat
133–4
;
immersed in Indian Ocean trade patterns
129
;
in Kerala
135
;
in Malay world
136
;
opium trade
219
;
private Portuguese (
casados
)
137
,
143
,
144
;
reasons for failure
140–4
;
relations with Gujarat
131
;
reputation of
172
;
revenue
121–2
;
search for similar
154
;
in Sri Lanka
136
;
trade of
casados
154
;
violence
142
Prados, Edward
256–7
printing press
139
Ptak, Roderich
83
purification of Islam
see
rectification
Qadiri
see sufis
Qaisar, Ahsan Jan,
188–9
Qawasim 'pirates'198–99
Quilon
98
Rahimi
[ship]
185
rainfall
24
Reade, Julian
3
rectification,
169–70
;
Christian
175
;
Red Sea, navigation in
17–18
,
36–7
,
110
;
early trade in
51
;
winds in
20–1
religion, coastal
39–41
;
see also
Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
ressac
28
tourism in
277
rites at sea
107–9
;
Christian
178–81
;
Hindu
178–81
;
Muslim
178–81
;
Portuguese
177–8
river ports
see
fluvial ports
Roberts, Emma
226–7
Romans, Roman trade
51–2
Round the World racers
265
Royal Navy
191
Rukhkh
107
Safavid Iran
130
St Thomas
59–60
St Expedit
244–5
St Paul and Amsterdam islands
221
,
279
Santa Maria do Monte
[ship]
184
Sayyid Ahmad bin Sumeyt
245
Sayyid Fadl
245
sea, perceptions of
1–2
;
and oceans
4–5
sea levels
24–5
sea travel
see
voyages by sea
Severin, Tim
22
,
67
,
68
,
210
,
265–6
Shaykh Yusuf
176
ships, construction
185
;
crews
185–6
;