The Knight in History (38 page)

knight: and shock combat, 12–13, 75, 202; attitudes toward war of, 31–32, 43–44, 183–185; Christianization of, 4–5, 13–14, 17–20, 24, 32–33, 45, 135, 185, 207; class consciousness of, 4–5, 19–20, 79–80, 103–105; classifications of, 93, 153; definition of, 3–4; discipline of, 36, 108, 114, 127, 185, 197–198; education of, 17, 53, 85, 154, 168–169, 202; equipment of, 4, 35, 36–37, 101, 150; expenses of, 4, 5, 25, 30, 36–37, 86–87, 99, 101–102, 150, 166; feudal obligations of, 3–4, 27–29, 32; first appearance of, 2, 8–10, 12–13; income of, 29, 30–31, 103, 150, 170, 172, 175–176, 177, 185–186; influence of Crusades on, 4–5, 45–46; inheritance customs of, 10–11, 25–26; life-style of, 2–3, 14–15, 17, 29, 98–99, 101, 187, 207; numbers of, 25–26, 29–30, 35–36, 103, 166, 196; origins of, 7–14; political role of, 98–100; status of, 2–3, 4–6, 13–14, 20, 24, 45–46, 60, 98–105, 165–166; terms for, 3, 14, 24; title of, 2, 6, 14, 24, 26, 98; training of, 14, 29, 30, 35, 85

knighthood: and nobility, 9–10, 14, 24, 97, 102–105; decline of, 166, 168, 196–197; exclusiveness of, 25, 103–104; hereditary nature of, 25, 26; “Indian summer” of, 198–204; literature of, 47–80; origins of, 8–10; Victorian interest in, 204–207

knighting ceremony, 20, 24, 30, 85–86, 92, 101, 104–105, 150, 151, 165, 196

knight of the shire, 99–100, 192

knightly virtues, 52–53, 60, 77–80, 105, 138, 165

knights-errant, 5, 81–82, 92–93, 204

Knights Hospitalers (Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem), 5, 45, 96, 113–114, 119–120, 125–129, 130, 131, 132, 134–135; foundation, 113; becomes military order, 113; role in Crusades, 113–116; castles, 115, 116–118; role in politics of Holy Land, 118, 127; as diplomats, 119, 131–132; later history, 134–135

Knights Templars (Poor Knights of the Temple of Solomon), 5, 45, 96, 107–135; foundation, 108; rule, 107, 108; privileges and wealth, 110–111; in Europe, 110; in Jerusalem, 110–111; numbers, 113; role in Crusades, 113–116; castles, 116–118; role in politics of Holy Land, 118, 127; banking activities, 5, 118–119, 130–131; as diplomats, 119–120, 131–133; officers, 120; initiation ceremony, 120–122; equipment, 122, 126; daily life, 122–124, 127; discipline, 124–125, 127–129; role in Crusade of St. Louis, 125–134; trial and suppression, 134–135

Knowles, Sir Robert, 149, 152, 153, 161, 162

Krak des Chevaliers, 116, 118

Lancaster, Henry, duke of, 151, 152, 177

Lancaster, John of Gaunt, duke of, 161–163

Lancaster, Thomas, duke of, 169

Lancelot, 7, 76, 79–80, 90, 105, 201, 206

langue d’oc
, 5, 50

La Rochelle, battle of, 162

Laval-Tinteniac, Jeanne de, 163

“law of arms,” 172, 184–185

Layamon, 75–76

Limoges, council of, 18–19

Loire campaign of Joan of Arc, 178–181

longbow, 146, 157

Lopez de Ayala, Pedro, 140

Louis VII, king of France, 85, 91, 92, 114, 119

Louis VIII, king of France, 97

Louis IX, king of France (Saint Louis), 125–127, 129–134

love, 47, 50, 55, 56–60, 64–66, 68, 70–71, 75, 76; courtly, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59–60, 62, 68, 70–71, 75, 76, 205; courts of, 59–60; varieties of in troubadour verse, 59

Lull, Raymond, 80, 104–105, 195, 201

Ma’arrat al-Nu’man, siege of, 38, 41, 42, 43

Mâcon, 14, 18, 27, 29, 36, 99, 103

Magna Carta, 97, 102, 103

Malory, Sir Thomas, 77, 195, 201, 202, 205, 207

Mansourah, battle of, 128–129

Marcabru, 51

Margat, castle of, 116

Markward of Anweiler, 98

Marshal, John I, 82–85

Marshal, William, 5, 81–97, 101, 168, 198; birth, 84; childhood, 84–85; knighting, 85–86; tournaments, 87–90, 92–93; becomes head of Young King’s household, 91; as knight-errant, 92–93, 96; banneret, 93; estrangement from Young King, 93–95; pilgrimage, 96; marries Isabel de Clare, 96; in royal service, 96, 97; as marshal, 97; earl of Pembroke, 97; regent, 97; death, 97

Martel, 94, 95

Matilda, empress of Germany, countess of Anjou, 82–84

Matthew of Edessa, chronicler, 36

Maximilian, German emperor, 202

mercenaries, 31, 100–101, 146–148, 150, 165, 169

Meung, siege of, 178–180

Military Orders, 5, 45, 107–135;
see also
Knights Templars, Knights Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights, Spanish Orders

military organization, 36, 146–148, 157, 160, 165–166, 168, 170–171, 196–197

military tactics, 39, 41–43, 150, 160–162, 163, 180, 182–183

military technology, 8–9, 11–13, 38–39, 41–43, 146, 160, 166, 168, 170–171, 196–197

ministerials, 4, 14, 70, 98

minnesingers, 5, 48, 57, 70–71, 76, 98

Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, 181

Montfort, Jean de, 145, 155, 156, 163, 164

Morte d’Arthur
, 77, 195, 201

Narbonne, council of, 20

nationalism, rise of, 138, 166, 197–198, 201

Navarrerie, 153–155

Nennius, chronicler, 72

Nicaea, siege of, 38, 41–42, 44

nobility, medieval, origins of, 9–11

Norman Conquest, 13, 17, 26

Old Man of the Mountains, 131–132

L’Ordene de chevalerie
, 80, 85

Order of the Garter, 80, 176–177, 181, 183

Ordericus Vitalis, chronicler, 54

Orlando Furioso
, 203

Orleans, Charles, duke of, 170, 174

Orleans, siege of, 177–178, 179, 183–184, 197

Otto-Guillaume, count of Mâcon, 18

Paris, Gaston, 59

Parliament, English, origins of, 99–100

Paston, John I, 188–192

Paston, John II (Sir John), 192–193, 194

Paston, John III, 193–194

Paston, Sir Robert, earl of Yarmouth, 194

Paston letters, 168, 182, 187

Patay, battle of, 168, 180–181, 187

patronymics, 11, 26

Peace of God, 17–19, 22, 24, 32, 46, 78, 185, 207

Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile, 156, 157–158, 159

Pembroke, John, earl of (Lord Hastings), 162, 163

People’s Crusade, 34–35

Perceval (Parsifal), 1, 76, 78–79, 80, 195

Peter the Hermit, 34–35

Petrarch, 48, 50, 64, 67

Philip II (Augustus), king of France, 49, 93, 96

Philip IV, king of France, 134–135, 145

Philip VI, king of France, 145, 146

Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders, 92, 95

Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 140

Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 182

Poitiers, battle of, 150–151

Postan, M. M., 172

Pound, Ezra, 48, 61–62, 63, 66–67

Pre-Raphaelites, 205, 206

primogeniture, 11, 24, 33

Provençal language, see
langue d’oc

Raguenel, Tiphaine, 154, 163, 164

Raimon de Miraval, 56, 61, 69

ransom, 31, 86–87, 89–90, 93, 138, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159, 170, 172, 174–176, 184, 197

Raymond, count of Toulouse, 22, 36, 38, 42, 43

Raymond d’Aguilers, chronicler, 31, 38, 42–43, 45

Reconquest, Spanish, 32, 54

Remon, Guillaume, 174–175

Renaud de Vichiers, Marshal, later Master of the Temple, 125, 131, 132, 133

Rennes, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 164

retinues, 148, 170, 189

Richard I (Lionheart), king of England, 50, 51, 92, 96, 115–116, 119

Richemont, Arthur de, constable of France, 184

Robert, count of Artois, 119, 128, 129

Robert, count of Flanders, 22

Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, 22, 36

Robert the Monk, chronicler, 21

Robert the Pious, king of France, 18

Roland, 71, 203, 207

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 205

Round Table, 75, 76, 80, 176, 185, 205, 206

St. Benet’s Abbey, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193

St.-Perm, Bertrand de, 140, 151

Sainte-Palaye, J.-B. de la Curne de, 204

Saladin, 96, 107, 115, 116

Scott, Sir Walter, 204–205, 207

Scrope, Stephen, 189

scutage, 100–101, 169

Second Crusade, 36, 45, 113–114, 119

secular orders of knighthood, 176–177, 183;
see also
Order of the Garter

Shakespeare, William, 168, 181, 194

siege machines, 41–42, 128

Spanish Military Orders (Alcantara, Calatrava, Santiago), 5, 113

Spenser, Edmund, 202–203

squire, 5, 85, 102–103, 150, 166, 168, 169, 170, 192, 196

Stephen, king of England, 82–84

stirrup, 9, 12–13

Talbot, Sir John, 177–181, 184

Tancred d’Hauteville, 36, 38, 45

Teutonic Knights, 5, 45, 113, 116, 120, 135

Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 205–206, 207

Thibaut IV, count of Champagne, 70

Third Crusade, 98, 99, 113, 115–116, 119

Tortosa, castle of, 116

Toulouges, council of, 19

tournament, 2–3, 6, 73–74, 81, 87–90, 92, 141–142, 143, 150, 198–201, 202, 203, 206–207

Tree of Battles
, 167, 184–185

trial by combat,
see
judicial duel

troubadours, 5, 47–70, 77–78, 134, 204, 207; attitudes toward women of, 60–62; class origins of, 48–49, 51–52; female
(trobaritz)
, 52; genres of verse of, 55–56, 62; geographic origins of, 50; influence of, 70–71, 77–78, 207;