The Knight in History (40 page)

16.
Georges Duby,
La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise
, Paris, 1955, pp. 47, 70–71, 291–292.

17.
Joseph and Frances Gies,
Life in a Medieval Castle
, New York, 1974, pp. 9–13, 21.

18.
James Mann,
An Outline of Arms and Armour in England
, London, 1969, pp. 5–8; Mann, “Arms and Armour,” in
The Bayeux Tapestry
, ed. by Sir Frank Stenton, London, 1965, pp. 56–69; Claude Blair,
European Armour circa 1066 to circa 1700
, Batsford, Eng., 1958, pp. 23–26.

19.
Georges Duby, “The Evolution of Judicial Institutions,” in
The Chivalrous Society
, p. 58.

20.
Georges Duby, “The History and Sociology of the Medieval West,” p. 86, and “Laity and the Peace of God,” pp. 123–133, both in
The Chivalrous Society
; H. E. J. Cowdrey, “The Peace and Truce of God in the Eleventh Century,”
Past and Present
46 (1970), pp. 42–67; Roger Bonnaud-Delamare, “Fondement des institutions de paix au XI siècle,” in
Mélanges d’histoire du moyen âge dédiés à la mémoire de Louis Halphen
, Paris, 1951, pp. 19–26; Bonnaud-Delamare, “Les institutions de paix en Aquitaine au XIme siècle,” pp. 415–487, Egied I. Strubbe, “La paix de Dieu dans le nord de la France,” pp. 490–501, and François-L. Ganshof, “La ‘paix’ au très haut moyen âge,” pp. 397–413, all in
Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin
, Vol. 14,
La Paix
, 1961.

21.
Duby,
Société
, pp. 155–160.

22.
G. D. Mansi,
Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collection
, Florence, 1759–1798, XIX, c. 267 (the Council of Poitiers).

23.
Duby, “Laity and the Peace of God,” pp. 125–127; Bonnaud-Delamare, “La paix en Aquitaine,” pp. 422–423.

24.
Cowdrey, “The Peace and the Truce of God,” pp. 43, 45–46.

25.
Ralph Glaber,
Historiarum libri quinque
, extract trans. by G. G. Coulton in
Life in the Middle Ages
, Cambridge, 1930, p. 6.

26.
Adhémar of Chabannes,
Chronique
, ed. by J. Chavanon, Paris, 1897, quoted in Cowdrey, “The Peace and the Truce of God,” p. 49.

27.
Duby, “Laity and the Peace of God,” pp. 130–132; Cowdrey, “The Peace and the Truce of God,” pp. 52–53.

28.
“The Peace and Truce of God at the Council of Toulouges,” in F. A. Ogg, ed.,
A Source Book of Medieval History
, New York, 1907, pp. 229–230.

29.
Mansi,
Sacrorum conciliorum
, Canon 1, c. 827 (Council of Narbonne).

30.
Bloch,
Feudal Society
, Vol. II, pp. 312–316, cites a pontifical (book of ceremonies) of Mainz c. 950 that describes the blessing of the sword and eleventh-century pontificals of Besançon and Rheims in which the sword is not only blessed but girded on by an officiating priest.

1.
Baldric of Dol,
Historia Jerosilimitana
, in
The First Crusade, the Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials
, ed. by Edward Peters, Philadelphia, 1971, p. 10 (reprinted from A. C. Krey,
The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants
, Princeton, N.J., 1921).

2.
Robert the Monk,
Historia Hierosolymitana
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 4 (reprinted from D. C. Munro,
Urban and the Crusaders
, Philadelphia, 1895).

3.
Baldric of Dol,
Historia
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 10.

4.
Guibert of Nogent,
Historia quae dicitur gesta Dei per Francos
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 15.

5.
General works on the First Crusade include: Hans Eberhardt Mayer,
The Crusades
, trans. by John Gillingham, Oxford, 1972; Kenneth M. Setton,
A History of the Crusades
, 4 vols., Madison, Wis., 1969–1971, Vol. I,
The First Hundred Years
, ed. by Marshall W. Baldwin; Steven Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1951–1954, Vol. I; Jonathan Riley-Smith,
What Were the Crusades?
, London, 1977.

6.
Duby,
Société
, p. 361; Mayer,
The Crusades
, p. 24.

7.
Duby,
Société
, pp. 52–63.

8.
David Herlihy, “The Agrarian Revolution in Southern France and Italy, 801–1150,”
Speculum
33 (1958), pp. 23–41.

9.
Duby,
Société
, pp. 266–272.

10.
Ibid., pp. 52–53, 269–270, 272–281.

11.
Ibid., pp. 240–241.

12.
Ibid., pp. 243–244.

13.
Ibid., pp. 185–191.

14.
Ibid., p. 192.

15.
Ibid., p. 441.

16.
Ibid., pp. 192–193, 447–448. See also Sidney Painter, “Castle Guard,”
American Historical Review
40 (1935), pp. 450–459.

17.
Duby,
Société
, pp. 192–193.

18.
Ibid., p. 193.

19.
Ibid., pp. 292–293, 295–296.

20.
Ibid., p. 415.

21.
Ibid., p. 411.

22.
Marshall W. Baldwin, writing in
Encyclopaedia Britannica
(15th edition, “Crusades,” Macropaedia, Vol. V, p. 297), estimates the Crusading army at 4,000 knights, 25,000 infantry; David C. Douglas, in
William the Conqueror
, pp. 198–199, assesses the English army at Hastings at “some 7,000 men,” that of William the Conqueror as “slightly less numerous,” both estimates including knights and infantry. P. Van Luyn, in “Les
milites
du XIe siècle,”
Le Moyen Age
77 (1971), p. 34, points out that in the chronicles of the Crusades no more than 1,500 knights are ever reported as actually assembled on a battlefield.

23.
Van Luyn, “Les
milites
,” pp. 217–220.

24.
A. T. Hatto, “Archery and Chivalry: A Noble Prejudice,”
Modern Language Review
35 (1940), pp. 40–54.

25.
Duby,
Société
, p. 239n.

26.
Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymytanorum
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 188 (reprinted from Krey,
The First Crusade
).

27.
Ibid., p. 209.

28.
Fulcher of Chartres,
Historia Hierosolymitana
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 82 (trans. by Martha E. McGinty).

29.
Ibid., p. 168.

30.
Van Luyn, “Les
milites
,” p. 30.

31.
Duby,
Société
, pp. 177–178.

32.
J. Boussard, “Henri Plantagenet et les origines de l’armée de métier,”
Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes
, 1945–1946, p. 193.

33.
J. O. Prestwich, “War and Finance in the Anglo-Norman State,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, V, 4 (1954), pp. 24–32.

34.
William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum
, ed. by W. Stubbs, 2 vols., London, 1887–1889, Vol. II, p. 368.

35.
Suger,
Vie de Louis VI le Gros
, in
Oeuvres Complètes de Suger
, ed. by A. Lecoy de la Marche, Paris, 1887, p. 11.

36.
I. S. Robinson, “Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ,”
History
58 (1973), pp. 169–192; H. E. J. Cowdrey, “The Genesis of the Crusades,” in
The Holy War
, ed. by T. P. Murphy, Columbus, Ohio, 1974; Carl Erdmann,
The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
, trans. by Marshall W. Baldwin and Walter Goffart, Princeton, N.J., 1982.

37.
Bryce D. Lyon,
From Fief to Indenture, the Transition from Feudal to Non-Feudal Contract in Western Europe
, Cambridge, Mass., 1957.

38.
Wenrich of Trier,
Epistola Hilthebrando papae
, cap. 4, quoted in Robinson, “Gregory VII,” pp. 173–174.

39.
Archbishop Wibert of Ravenna, quoted in Robinson, “Gregory VII,” p. 175.

40.
Registrum Gregorii VII
, quoted in Robinson, “Gregory VII,” p. 174.

41.
Anonymi Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum
, ed. and trans. by Rosalind Hill, London, 1962, p. 1 (henceforth,
Gesta
).

42.
Ibid., p. 41.

43.
Revelations
, XXI: 23.

44.
Revelations
, XXII: 2.

45.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 31.

46.
Duby,
Société
, p. 361.

47.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, pp. 37–38.

48.
Robert the Monk, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 4.

49.
Mayer,
The Crusades
, pp. 40–41.

50.
The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
, trans. by A. Dostourian, University Microfilms, 1972, p. 294.

51.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem
, trans. by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill, Philadelphia, 1968, pp. 79–80.

52.
Alexandre Bruel, ed.,
Recueil des chartes de l’abbaye de Cluny
, 6 vols., Paris, 1876–1903, Vol. V, pp. 51–53.

53.
C. W. David,
Robert Curthose
, Cambridge, Mass., 1920, pp. 91–92.

54.
Duby,
Société
, pp. 496–497.

55.
Van Luyn, “Les
milites
,” p. 31.

56.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, pp. 36–37.

57.
Ibid., p. 84.

58.
Gesta
, p. 27.

59.
Raymond d’Aguilers, cited in Van Luyn, “Les
milites
,” p. 31.

60.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, pp. 17–18.

61.
Gesta
, p. 8.

62.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 113.

63.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 70.

64.
On Crusading tactics and technology: R. C. Smail,
Crusading Warfare 1097–1193
, in
Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought
, Vol. III, N.S., Cambridge, Eng., 1956. On medieval warfare in general: C. W. Oman,
The Art of War in the Middle Ages
(revised edition), Ithaca, N.Y., 1953; John Beeler,
Warfare in Feudal Europe 730–1200
, Ithaca, N.Y., 1971; Philippe Contamine,
La Guerre au Moyen Age
, Paris, 1980.

65.
Gesta
, pp. 186–187; Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 61.

66.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 46.

67.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 35.

68.
Gesta
, p. 2.

69.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, pp. 54–55.

70.
Ibid., p. 69.

71.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, pp. 118–119.

72.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, pp. 43–44.

73.
Gesta
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 145.

74.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 57.

75.
Gesta
, in Peters,
First Crusade
, pp. 164–165.

76.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 78.