The Last Empire (76 page)

15
. R. Gordon Hoxie to Robert Gates, November 19, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Roman Popadiuk Series, Chronological Files: December 1991; Yaroslav Trofimov, “Vote Brings Wave of Recognition,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 8, 1991, 3, 6.

16
. Marta Kolomayets, “Ukrainian American Leaders Meet with President Bush on the Eve of Ukrainian Referendum,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 1, 1991, 1, 3, 14; “Rukh Appeals to President Bush,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 1, 1991, 14; William F. Miller, “Firmly Rooted in Two Lands,”
Cleveland.com
,
www.cleveland.com/heritage/index.ssf?/heritage/more/ukraine/ukraine2.html
.

17
. John R. Yang, “Bush Decides to Accelerate U.S. Recognition of Ukraine,”
Washington Post,
November 28, 1991.

18
. Ibid.; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
561; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
552; Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War
(New York, 1996), 531.

19
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1028–1029.

20
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
561; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
347; Andrei Ostal'skii, “Sovetsko-amerikanskaia razmolvka iz-za ukrainskogo referendum,”
Izvestiia,
November 29, 1991; S. Tsikora, “Ukraina: za den'' do vystradannoi voli,”
Izvestiia,
November 29, 1991; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1028–1029.

21
. Telcon with President Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR, November 30, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-11-30—Gorbachev.pdf
; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
551–552; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1029.

22
.
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS po zapisiam Anatoliia Cherniaeva, Vadima Medvedeva, Georgiia Shakhnazarova (1985–1991)
(Moscow, 2000), 730;
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial'nye soobshcheniia
, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 997–998.

23
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1029.

24
. Ibid., 1030.

25
. Ibid., 1027–1028.

26
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
406, 411–412; Vadim Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri
(Moscow, 1994), 223.

27
. Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
110–111; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1027–1028.

CHAPTER 14

1
. Leonid Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo. Spohady i rozdumy
(Kyiv, 2002), 116–117; author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, Kyiv, September 1, 2011.

2
. “Kravchuk Leading, Chornovil Second in Presidential Race,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 10, 1991, 1, 14; David Marples, “Support Runs High for Independence. Kravchuk Likely to Be Elected,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 25, 1991, 1–2; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
114–115.

3
. Georgii Kasianov,
Ukraina 1997–2007. Ocherki noveishei istorii
(Kyiv, 2008), 36–37; information from Yurii Ratomsky, formerly a consultant for the Dnipropetrovsk regional Communist Party committee, December 27, 1991.

4
. Interview with Volodymyr Hryniov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
114.

5
. Viacheslav Chornovil, “Avtobiohrafiia,”
Rukh Press
(website),
http://rukhpress.com.ua/002005/print.phtml
; interview with Viacheslav Chornovil in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/648/
; interview with Levko Lukianenko in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 4,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/541
; Chrystyna Lapychak, “In Odessa: One Day on the Trail with Rukh Candidate Viacheslav Chornovil,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 10, 1991, 1, 9–10.

6
. Interview with Viacheslav Chornovil in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/648/
; interview with Dmytro Pavlychko in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 4; “Ukraine's Presidium Rejects Diaspora Vote on Referendum,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 24, 1991, 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/497/
.

7
. Oksana Zakydalsky, “Larysa Skoryk Speaks at Canadian Friends of Rukh Conference,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 31, 1991, 1, 11.

8
. Marples, “Support Runs High for Independence. Kravchuk Likely to Be Elected”; David Marples, “Kravchuk Leading, Chornovil Second in Presidential Race”; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
117–118; Oxana Shevel, “Nationality in Ukraine: Some Rules of Engagement,”
East European Politics and Societies
16, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 386–413.

9
. Interview with Mykola Bahrov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/372
; Edward A. Allworth,
The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland
(Durham, NC, 1998).

10
. Marples, “Kravchuk Leading, Chornovil Second in Presidential Race”; cf. interviews with Volodymyr Hryniov and Levko Lukianenko in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/239
,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/541
.

11
. Zlenko,
Dyplomatiia i polityka
, 66–67; “News Briefs from Ukraine,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 1, 1991, 2.

12
. Interview with Marta Dyczok in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/229/
.

13
. Kasianov,
Ukraina 1991–2007
, 37; information from Olena Plokhii, who lived in Dnipropetrovsk in the fall of 1991.

14
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 993–995; “Bush Names Babyn Yar Delegation,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 6, 1991, 2; Chrystyna Lapychak, “Ukraine Remembers Babyn Yar,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 13, 1991, 1, 8; interview with Leonid Kravchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 9,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510/
.

15
. Roman Solchanyk, “Centrifugal Movements in Ukraine and Independence,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 24, 1991, 8–10; “Minorities Congress Decisively Supports Ukraine's Independence,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 24, 1991, 1; Dominique Arel, “Language Politics in Independent Ukraine: Towards One or Two Languages?”
Nationalities Papers
23, no. 3 (1995): 597–622.

16
. “News Briefs from Ukraine,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 1, 1991, 2.

17
. Kostiantyn P. Morozov,
Above and Beyond: From Soviet General to Ukrainian State Builder
(Cambridge, MA, 2000), 1–7, 74–75; 133–152.

18
. Author's interview with General Kostiantyn Morozov, Kyiv, September 6, 2011; Chrystyna Lapychak, “Deputies Draft Law on Military,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 27, 1991, 1–2; “Brzezinski Notes Ukraine's Statement,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 27, 1991, 2; Marples, “Support Runs High for Independence. Kravchuk Likely to Be Elected,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 25, 1991, 2.

19
. Morozov,
Above and Beyond,
91–152; interview with Kostiantyn Morozov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 6,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/632
; author's interview with General Kostiantyn Morozov, Kyiv, September 6, 2011; John Jaworsky, “Ukraine's Armed Forces and Military Policy,”
Harvard Ukrainian Studies
20
(1996): 223–247; Stephen D. Olynyk, “Ukraine as a Military Power,” in
Ukraine: The Search for a National Identity
, ed. Sharon L. Wolchik and Volodymyr Zviglyanich (Lanham, MD, 2000), 69–94.

20
. Chrystyna Lapychak, “Reflections on an Independent Ukraine,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 8, 1991, 6.

21
. Author's interview with Yurii Shcherbak, Rome, June 19, 2012.

22
. Chrystyna Lapychak, “Independence: Over 90 Percent Vote in Referendum: Kravchuk Elected President of Ukraine,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 8, 1991, 1, 5; Khristina Lew, “Delving into Eastern Ukraine on the Eve of Nationhood,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 22, 1991, 8–9; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
118; interview with Leonid Kravchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 9,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510/
.

23
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1030–1031;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 418.

24
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 554;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
420.

CHAPTER 15

1
. “Telcon with President Boris Yeltsin of the Republic of Russia,” November 30, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-11-30—Yeltsin.pdf
; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 552–553; author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.

2
. Interview with StanislaÅ­ Shushkevich, Davis Center, Harvard University, April 17, 2000; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
552–554.

3
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 424.

4
. Petr Aven and Al'fred Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!” interview with Gennadii Burbulis,
Forbes
(Russian edition), July 22, 2010,
www.forbes.ru/node/53407/print
; David Remnick,
Resurrection: The Struggle for a New Russia
(New York, 1998), 25.

5
. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, “Kak nam obustroit' Rossiiu?”
Komsomol'skaia pravda,
September 18, 1990; Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
Rebuilding Russia: Reflections and Tentative Proposals,
trans. Alexis Klimoff (New York, 1991).

6
. Roman Solchanyk,
Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition
(Oxford, 2001), 38; Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”

7
. “Newsbriefs,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 15, 1991; Leonid Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo. Spohady i rozdumy
(Kyiv, 2002), 128; Valentyn Chemerys,
Prezydent. Roman-ese
(Kyiv, 1994), 245–247, 260–261.

8
. Mykhailo Holubets',
Bilovezha ochyma uchasnyka
(Lviv, 1996), 9; “Shushkevich, Stanislav Stanislavovich,” in
Kto est' kto v Rossii i blizhnem zarubezh'e. Spravochnik
(Moscow, 1991), 749; Stanislav Shushkevich, “Osval'da ia zapomnil soldafonom,”
Izvestiia,
November 21, 2003.

9
. David Marples,
Belarus: A Denationalized Nation
(Amsterdam, 1999); Jan Zaprudnik,
Belarus: At a Crossroads in History
(Boulder, CO, 1993).

10
. Dmitrii Starostin, “Desiat' let Belovezhskoi pushche,” Vesti.ru, December 9, 2001; Stanislav Shushkevich, “Monolog o pushche,”
Ogonek
, December 2, 1996.

11
. V. V. Semakov,
Belovezhskaia pushcha, 1902–2002
(Minsk, 2002); Peter Duffy,
The Bielski Brothers: The True Story of Three Men Who Defied the Nazis, Built a Village in the Forest, and Saved 1,200 Jews
(New York, 2004).

12
.
Katalog fauny Puszczy Białowieskiej
(Warsaw, 2001); Ales' Karliukevich, “Gensek s ruzh'em,”
Sovetskaia Belorusiia,
no. 113 (June 21, 2001); Anatolii Cherniaev, Memo for Gorbachev on the organization of Chancellor Kohl's visit to the USSR, June 17, 1991, Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 2, no. 8943.1.

13
. Mechislav Dmukhovskii, “Belovezhskie tainy,”
Sovetskaia Belorussiia. Sobesednik
, December 12, 2003; Leonid Kravchuk, “Shushkevich i El'tsin predstavliali sebia, a ia—voliu naroda,” UNIAN, December 5, 2006; Kryzhanivs'kyi, “Tostiv bulo”; Aleksandr Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin: ot rassveta do zakata
(Moscow, 1997), 127; Viacheslav Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast''iu. Iz zhizni prem''er-ministra
(Minsk, 2008), 190–194.