The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus (84 page)

^[458]
  Kopp 1938:206, n.1.

^[459]
  Kopp 1938:205–06.

^[460]
  The inscription uses the Aramaic bar for “son.” It is pictured in Exc. fig. 201, discussion p. 248. Bibliography on this inscription is found in J.B. Frey,
Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum
, vol. II (1952), No. 988, p.173.

^[461]
 
Exc
. 248.

^[462]
 
Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums
, LXXV (1931), pp. 462
ff
.

^[463]
  Reed 2002:132.
Cf.
also Taylor 233.

^[464]
  Levine 1992:84. The effective substitution of “BCE” for “CE” has also occurred with the theory of a renaissance of Nazareth in the second century BCE. Such a statement would be correct for II CE. When I first read the BCE suggestion, I supposed that the author had simply made a typological error of “CE” instead of “BCE.” But his accompanying discussion of an alleged Hellenistic revival in the village proved otherwise. (See the discussion of the Hellenistic Renaissance thesis in Chapter 3).

^[465]
  Exc. 146–69 and 190–218 regarding graffiti under the CA;  pp. 244–45 for Tomb 79; Byzantine markings pp. 105–114;  Christian and other markings 123–132; III CE Greek funerary inscription 248–49; Hebrew funerary inscription
Exc
. 247; Edict of Nazareth Exc.
317
. Testa carried out most of the interpretation of these graffiti on behalf of the Church in
Il Simbolismo dei Giudeo-cristiani
, Jerusalem 1962; and “Le grotte mistiche dei Nazareni e I loro riti battesimali,” in
Liber Annuus
XII (1962), 4–45. See
Exc
. 4, n. 13 for further bibliography on Testa’s work.

^[466]
 
Exc
. 158. See also Bagatti 1967b.

^[467]
  Taylor 259.

^[468]
  Taylor 262.

^[469]
 
Exc
. 170–71, including photos of the graffiti, recto and verso.

^[470]
                  Testa 1967:99–104. Bibliography at Exc. 170, n. 113.

^[471]
 
Exc
. 171.

^[472]
  Taylor 257.

^[473]
  Meyers and Strange 57. See Chp. 3:37.

^[474]
  Aviam 2004:90, Chapter 2, page 66.

^[475]
  This will be taken up in more detail, with its important implications for the tradition, in Chapter Five.

^[476]
  Exc. 46 notes a flight of stairs, the threshold of a door, a small section of wall, depressions indicating walls,
etc
.

^[477]
  Taylor 231–33.

^[478]
  Finegan 1969:28; 1992:45.

^[479]
 
EAEHL
: 922.

^[480]
  Taylor 265.

^[481]
 
AEHL
, “Nazareth.”

^[482]
  Bagatti 1960:235.

^[483]
  Mosaic 1 was removed in July 1959, to reveal the vat under the CA (
Exc
. 115). The mosaic is pictured at
Exc
. Pl. VI (top). Viaud called the basin under the CJ simply a “vasque à fond de mosaïques” (p. 141,
cf
. LeClercq 1038).

^[484]
  Taylor 249
ff
.

^[485]
 
Exc
. 232.

^[486]
 
ABD
, “Nazareth,” 1051.

^[487]
 
OEANE
, “Nazareth, p.114.

^[488]
  Crossan and Reed 36;
DJBP
, “Nazareth,” p. 449, col. 2; Strange in
OEANE
, “Nazareth, p.114.

^[489]
  The coin was found in the plaster of locus 29. Taylor 255 shows that it was erroneously ascribed by Bagatti to Emperor Constans (
Exc
. 209). A coin dating 238–44 CE was found at the “Fright” (2 km south of the CA—
Exc
. 251).

^[490]
  Bagatti 1937:256, citing Schumacher 1889. It is unknown what became of these alleged coins which, to judge from the others found in the Nazareth basin, date III–VII CE.

^[491]
 
NEAEHL
1103, col. 2.

^[492]
  Finegan 1969:29; 1992:46.

^[493]
  Crossan & Reed:32.

^[494]
 
Exc
. 46; Taylor 255.

^[495]
  Crossan & Reed 32.

^[496]
  Reed 2002:50–51.

^[497]
  Reed 1999:101.

^[498]
  Chapter 3, pp. 120
ff
.

^[499]
 
Liber Annuus
v. 21 (1971), pp. 5–32.

^[500]
  Chapter 3, pp. 120
ff
.

^[501]
  Finegan 1992:57.

^[502]
  See Chapter 3, pp. 143
ff
. for an explanation of each of these points.

^[503]
  A third shard was “greatly mutilated,” and is not included as evidence.

^[504]
  The bits of clay are in all probability Middle Roman or later—as is arguably all the post-Iron Age material from the venerated area.

^[505]
  Richmond 1931:53. See Chapter 3, pp. 105
ff.

^[506]
  Sussman 1985:50.

^[507]
  Chapter 3, pp. 105
ff
.

^[508]
  See Chapter 1, pp. 24
ff
.

^[509]
  K. Schmidt,
Der Rahmen der Geschichte Jesu
, p. 41.

^[510]
  Dalman 73.

^[511]
  Robinson 187.

^[512]
  Bultmann 1963:31–32.

^[513]
  Taylor 1993: 235–43; 255, 267.

^[514]
  Taylor 1993:257.

^[515]
  Taylor 1993:265.

^[516]
 
ESI
, vol. 16 (1997) p. 49; plan p. 50.

^[517]
  Feig 1990 and “Communication” of 1983.

^[518]
                  Mention can be made of the Nazareth Village project, whose purpose is to recreate the town of Jesus approximately 1 km west of ancient Nazareth. During April 1997 a survey was undertaken in an area of
c
. 0.5 sq km south of Nazareth Hospital, prior to development. Agricultural terraces, three watchmen’s booths, a wine press and other structures were discovered. According to the published report (
HA
110 [1999] p. 90) “Sherds, mostly dating to the Late Roman period (2nd–4th centuries CE), were scattered on the surface.” The published scholarly literature does not support claims made (
e.g
., on the Internet) regarding I CE evidence associated with this project.

^[519]
  What has not been found also supports the conclusions of this study. For example, no radial oil lamps were discovered in the basin. They are a type of lamp which “came into use sometime during the first half of the first century BCE and continued in use until at least the early part of Herod’s reign” (Vitto 2000:84),
i.e
., c 75–c 25 BCE. They are notably lacking from the Nazareth finds.

^[520]
  Crossan and Reed 32.

^[521]
  Taylor 267.

^[522]
  A small
wadi
(stream), dry much of the year, bisects the southern slope of the Nebi Sa‘in. According to
Exc
. p. 7 (Fig. 2, caption), the area to the south of it was uninhabited at least until medieval times.

^[523]
  According to another tradition, the first ecclesiastical structure at the site was built by Count Joseph of Tiberias in IV CE. See Chapter 6.

^[524]
  Frescobaldi
et. al
.: No. 51, dating to 1384 CE.

^[525]
 
Exc
. 174, 178.

^[526]
  The
Protevangelium
is listed among rejected titles in the
Decretum Gelasianum
(VI CE), which represents decisions that can be traced back as far as Pope Damasus I (366–383 CE).