The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus (82 page)

^[339]
 
IDB
II:1006.

^[340]
  Schürer I.ii:4; Meyers, Netzer, and Meyers 11.

^[341]
  Schürer I.ii:18.
Cf
. Lk 13:32.

^[342]
  Jos.
Ant
. 18.5.2; Schürer I.ii:23.

^[343]
  Schürer I.ii:36; Jos.
Ant
. 18.7.1–2;
Wars
2.9.6.

^[344]
  Schürer I.ii:190; Jos.
Ant
. 20.11.1;
Wars
2.14.2.

^[345]
 
E.g
., W.B Smith 1906; Ellegård 1999.

^[346]
  Recent proposals include, among others: the Teacher of Righteousness, Menahem the Essene, John the Baptist, and James the Just.

^[347]
  Doherty, Zindler.

^[348]
  The Roman chronology used in this series is as follows:

Early Roman: 63 BCE–70 CE

Middle Roman: 70–180 CE (death of Marcus Aurelius/accession of Commodus)

Late Roman: 180–337 CE (death of Constantine I).

^[349]
 
Chapter 3, pp. 105–109 (
Illus. 3.2,
p. 110).

^[350]
  Kuhnen,
Palästina in Griechisch-Römischer Zeit
(1990), pp. 253
ff
.

^[351]
 
Finegan 1969:185.

^[352]
  Schiebestollengräber, die unter den Hasmonäern allmählich die älteren Kammergräber ersetzt hatten, beherrschten auch nach der Thronbesteigung des Herodes fast mit Ausschliesslichkeit die Friedhöfe der Stadt… Auch im jüdisch besiedelten Umland Jerusalems entstanden unter Herodes und dessen Erben Gräber des Schiebestollentyps, beispielsweise in Tell en-Nasbe und in el-‘Ezariye (Betanien)… Anscheinend noch später, etwa ab der Mitte des 1.Jh. n.Chr., begann man in den anderen Bergregionen Palästinas Gräber mit Schiebestollen anzulegen, was für Galiläa Huqoq, Meron, H. Sema und H. Usa… belegen.

   Somit ist anzunehmen, dass Schiebestollengräber während des 1.Jh. n.Chr. in allen Landesteilen westlich und östlich des Jordan in Mode kamen… (Kuhnen 254–55).

^[353]
  This view is very different from that which posits the general adoption of the kokh tomb throughout the Semitic world already in Hellenistic times. (See,
e.g
., Hachlili and Killebrew:110.)

^[354]
  Aviam 2004:306.

^[355]
  Chapter 3, p. 110.

^[356]
 
LTK
, “Nazaret,” 710.

^[357]
 
NIDBA
, “Nazareth,” 330.

^[358]
 
DJBP
, “Nazareth,” 449.

^[359]
Bagatti often refers to “the period of the kokhim tombs” (though he nowhere defines that period).
Cf
. Bagatti 1967:7;
Exc.
240, 313, 318,
etc
.

^[360]
  For the tombs see
Exc
:242–244 and Bagatti’s figs. 193–194. Older bibliography on these tombs includes
Histoire des decouverts faits chez les Dames de Nazareth
(Beyrouth, 1936);
Studi Franciscani
(1937), pp. 253–258;
Les Fouilles de Nazareth
(Paris, 1954), all by Bagatti.

^[361]
  R. Smith 1961:59, n.18.

^[362]
 
NEAEHL
, “Sepphoris,” p. 1328.

^[363]
  Mazar, vol. 1, p. 134, fig. 5, pl. XVI,
etc
; Hachlili:793.

^[364]
Berman:107–08.

^[365]
Chamber B at Silet edh-Dhahr (Sellers & Baramki: 8, 29, 44). See also Goodenough I:66 and 88.

^[366]
Goodenough I:88.

^[367]
  Marisa was destroyed in 40 BCE and never rebuilt.

^[368]
  Finegan 1969:28 = 1992:46.

^[369]
  Crossan 1991:16. See also
NIDBA
(1983), “Nazareth,” 330.

^[370]
  The phrase occurs several times in Bagatti’s
Excavations
. The last Herodian was Agrippa II, who ruled largely gentile areas in Syria, Perea, and Galilee He lived in Rome from 75 CE on, and died
c
. 100 CE.

^[371]
 
OEANE
, “Nazareth,” 113.

^[372]
  Both the pan and juglet are specifically itemized by Fernandez. The juglet (
Exc
. Fig. 192:20) is Fernandez no. 198, Type 8.3, pp. 115, 149, and 229. It dates
c
. 70–
c
. 300 CE. The pan is Fernandez no. 481, Type 15.3, dating
c
. 250 CE+. (
Cf
. Appendix 5.)

^[373]
  Sussman 1985:43. In this section I am indebted to Varda Sussman’s article, “Lighting the Way Through History” (
BAR
, Mar–Apr 1985).

^[374]
  P. Lapp 1961:193.

^[375]
This tally does not include lamps found near Nazareth but outside the basin,
e.g
., in the Feig tombs 2.6 km East of the CA (Feig 1990).
Illus
.
4.3
nos. 14–16 are the lamps of the local pottery tradition discussed in Chapter 3, pp. 117
f
.

^[376]
 
Exc
. 299.

^[377]
 
E.g
., Bagatti 1971b, fig. 15:1–3.

^[378]
  Sussman 1982:16; Rosenthal and Sivan 82.

^[379]
  Darom lamps were produced in the region of Beth Guvrin, southwest of Jerusalem. (Sussman 1982:17.)

^[380]
  H.B. Walters,
Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum
, 1914, pl. XL. See R. Smith 1961:53, n.3.

^[381]
 
FitzGerald 1931:40 (regarding his Pl. 36:1) and FitzGerald 1930:15, Pl. L, No. 26.

^[382]
  Sukenik considered the lamp to date
c
100 BCE–
c
50 CE. See Sukenik 1947 and Goodenough I:145.

^[383]
  P. Lapp 193.

^[384]
  R. Smith 1961:58–59, 65, and n. 17.

^[385]
  R. Smith 1961:53 n.1.

^[386]
  Yadin 45.

^[387]
  Hayes 1980:13.

^[388]
  Sussman 1982:14; 1985:53.

^[389]
  Sussman notes that the earlier phase of this lamp is evidenced in burial caves in Judea, especially in Jerusalem (Sussman 1982:14). R. Smith notes that the bow-spouted lamp “appears to have had its origin in the vicinity of Jerusalem… From there it spread widely throughout Palestine” (Smith 1961:53, n.2). This view is questioned (without countervailing evidence) by Fernandez: 66. We note that Fernandez in general adopts an earlier chronology than most of the other cited researchers, yet his reasoning and methods are not entirely convincing. He relies largely on Loffreda’s results from Capernaum (many of which have been questioned) and Fernandez’ Nazareth data are quite incomplete (he includes only two of Bagatti’s 12 plain bow-spouted lamps in his book). Fernandez divides these “Herodian” lamps into four subtypes (versus the two of R. Smith) and suggests an equal number of chronological periods (p. 66), but his ambitious typology seems arbitrary. His data are included in
Illus
.
4.3
for completeness.

^[390]
R. Smith notes that bow-spouted oil lamps continued to be made and used well into the second century (R. Smith 1961:59). Feig writes: “The lamps in Illustration 9:6–9 are among the “Herodian” lamps of the first century A.D., but in the Galilee these lamps are also typical of the second century A.D” (Feig 1990:73). Sussman considers that these lamps were used “till the mid-2nd century A.D.,” a position shared by Rosenthal and Sivan (Sussman 1982:14; Rosenthal & Sivan:80).

^[391]
R. Smith 1961:59.

^[392]
 
R. Smith 1961:64 (for dating); 1966:4 (for geographical diffusion). The results also are presented in R. Smith 1966:15.

^[393]
  R. Smith 1961:60–62.

^[394]
 
Exc.
fig. 233:1 (discussion p. 299). Not included in this tally is a lamp shard which Bagatti curiously suggests is “Herodian.” The diagram (
Exc
. 235:35) does not match the discussion (p. 306) which speaks of “cuts” in the handle. Bagatti mentions this lamp shard in an apparently Late Roman context at
Exc
. 309. An uncommon bow-spouted lamp (Fernandez type L. 4) had a sliced handle, and perhaps this is Bagatti’s referent and his diagram is poorly drawn. Incidentally, Fernandez considers this subtype “proto-Herodian” (p. 81) and backdates it to I BCE, misinterpreting R. Smith (1966:14) who suggested a mid-I CE date and considered it a development of other types.

^[395]
  Of course, that single oil lamp could also have been brought into the basin twenty, thirty, or even fifty years after it was made, in which case it would not truly constitute early evidence, but merely represent a “holdover” from a past generation—much as today, every household has at least one or two items that are quite old. On the other hand, the lamp might very well date after 50 CE, in which case it is not an outlier at all.