The New Penguin History of the World (229 page)

(ii) Revolution (1789)
see
French Revolution

constitutional monarchy,
748
–9

Second Republic,
751
,
755

Parisian revolutions,
753
,
757
,
758

(iii) Third Republic: in N. Africa,
820
–1,
824
,
826
; in Indo-China,
826
,
827
,
837
,
857
–8,
859
,
927
,
930
; income tax,
868
; nationalism,
873
; foreign policies,
885
,
889
,
890
–1,
949
,
950
; World War I and,
892
,
895
; Versailles settlement,
901
,
903
; in Syria,
937
–8,
941
; World War II and,
957
–9,
963
,
973

(iv) Fourth Republic,
966
,
970
; UNO and,
968
; in Indo-China,
986
,
1061
–2; in Near and Middle East,
987
; in N. Africa,
1069
; Gaullist policies,
1109
; and European Union,
1154
,
1115

Francis of Asissi, St (1182–1226), founder of Franciscan order,
496
,
500

Francis Xavier, St (1506–52), Jesuit missionary,
472

Franciscan order of friars,
496
,
500

Franco, General Francisco (1892–1975), Spanish dictator,
955

Franks
see
Germanic peoples

Frederick II (1194–1250), Holy Roman emperor (1212–50),
536
,
537
–8

Frederick II ‘the Great’ (1712–86), king of Prussia (1740–86),
595
,
626
,
691

Frederick William I (1688–1740), king of Prussia (1713–40),
626

freemasons,
676

free trade

19th-cent. defences,
718
–19,
784
,
795

questioned,
885

abandoned,
945

French Revolution

stimuli,
729
–34

National Assembly formed,
732
–3

political divisions,
733

Republican Convention,
733
–5

Terror,
734
–5

ideological debates,
735
–7

institutions rebuilt,
736

consolidated by Napoleon,
738
–40,
742
–3

influence,
746
,
803

Freud, Sigmund, originator of psychoanalysis,
947
–8,
1029

friars
see
Dominicans; Franciscans Fujiwara clan in Japan,
466
,
468
–9 arts under,
471

Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar (Libyan leader),
1131

Gadir,
105

Gagarin, Yuri (1934–68), Russian cosmonaut,
1019

Galen (
c.
- 130
c.
200), Greek physician,
338
,
523
,
538

Galerius, Roman emperor (305–11),
286

Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642), Italian astronomer,
681
,
684

Gama, Vasco da (
c.
1460–1524), Portuguese navigator,
460
,
533
,
631
,
1022

gambling,
94

Gandhi, Indira (1917–84), Indian stateswoman,
1119
,
1120

Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma) (1869–1948), Indian social and political leader

in S. Africa,
809

nationalism,
979
–81

death,
982

Gandhi, Rajiv (1944–1991), Indian statesman,
1120

Ganges,
120
,
124
,
126
,
127

Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807–84), Italian nationalist,
833

GATT,
1003

Gaul
see
France

Gaulle, Charles de (1890–1970), French statesman,
958
,
1069
,
1109
,
1155

Gauls, sacked Rome,
233

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade,
1003

genetics,
1015
–17

genetic engineering,
1016
–17

Geneva, theocratic state under Calvin,
578

Genghis Khan
see
Chinghis Khan

Genoa

commercial city-state,
386
,
511

end of republic,
747

geology, study of,
876
–7

George, St, patron of England,
505

George III (1738–1820), king of UK (1760–1820),
508
,
722
,
832

George IV (1762–1830), king of UK (1820–30),
570

George V (1865–1936), king of UK and emperor of India (1910–36),
854

George, Henry (1839–97), American economist,
839

Georgia,
1146

German Democratic Republic,
1043
,
1045
,
1094

collapse,
1141
–2

Germanic peoples

pressure on Rome,
281

folk-movements,
291
–2

Dark Age culture,
313
–14

in East: Goths,
281
,
291
–2,
294
,
307
,
314
; Alamanni,
281
,
292
,
302
; Franks,
281
,
292
,
302
,
330
,
341
,
395
–6; Ostrogoths,
291
–2,
304
; Visigoths,
292
,
302
,
303
; Vandals,
292
–3,
304

in North: Angles and Jutes,
301
; Saxons,
301
,
397
,
402
–4

see also
Carolingians; Charlemange

Germany

resistance to Rome,
247
–8

Frankish settlement,
301
–3,
392
,
400
–2

(i) medieval: political fragmentation,
402
; Ottonian empire,
403
–5; individual states,
508
–9; expansion E.,
527

(ii) modern: Protestant Reformation in,
575
–7; Habsburg interest in,
601
–2,
604
,
605
,
627
; rise of Prussia,
626
–7,
628
; Enlightenment in,
691
;
industrialization,
712
; Napoleonic reorganization,
741
–2,
743
; 1848 revolts,
751
,
752
–3

(iii) Second Reich: unification under Prussia,
755
–7; African imperialism,
824
; rise of SDP,
867
,
952
; nationalism,
873
; foreign policies,
883
,
886
–93,
895
,
898
; economy,
885
,
911
,
912
; World War I,
892
–6,
898
–901; Versailles treaty,
899
,
901
,
905
,
948
,
953

(iv) Weimar Republic: liberal constitution,
904
,
948
; fascism and Nazi origins,
911
,
951
–4

(v) Nazi rule: autocratic terrorism,
954
,
963
–4,
988
,
1152
; expansion E.,
955
–6; World War II strategies,
955
–64; shattered,
966

(vi) post-war: division,
973
–4,
1041
; Federal Republic of,
1043
,
1045
,
1109
; re-unification,
1143
,
1155

(vii) post reunification,
1155
–6

see also
Berlin; German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Ghana,
479
,
480
,
1073
,
1075

Ghazan (1271–1304), Mongol Il-khan, (1295–1304),
383

Ghaznavid dynasty in Turkey,
347
,
434

Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), English historian,
330
,
501
,
691

Gibraltar,
330

Gilgamesh, Epic of,
52
–3,
54
,
63
,
116

Giza, pyramids at,
73

glass,
57

global warming,
1025
–6,
1184
–5

globalization,
1039
,
1168

Gnostic Christian heresy,
273
–4,
296
–7

gods
see
religion; individual deities

Gogol, Nicolai Vasilyevich (1809–52), Russian writer,
208

gold

from Africa,
479
,
481
,
532

financial effects of,
562
,
757

as imperialist motive,
808
,
810

as exchange standard,
794
,
912
,
913

Golden Bull on jurisdiction of German princes,
509

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergevich (1931–), Soviet statesman,
1134
–5,
1138
–41,
1144
,
1145
,
1150

Goths
see
Germanic peoples

government and administration

in Minoan Crete,
99
–100

in Mycenae,
101

in Near East,
115
–16

in archaic Greece,
179
–85

in Hellenistic world,
218
–20

of Roman republic,
229
–33,
236
–7,
246

Roman imperial bureaucracy,
249
,
277
,
282

of Arab empire,
335

of Seljuk Turks,
375

Mongol,
380
–1

‘feudalism’,
418
–21

in Moghul empire,
438

Chinese bureaucracy,
448
–51,
454

Japanese shogunate,
467
–70,
473
–4

early African kingdoms,
480
–1

early modern Europe,
572
–3

strengthening of state power,
580
–7,
572
–3,
784

in N. American colonies,
652
–3

colonial governments,
672
–3

US constitutionalism,
724
–6

French revolutionary,
731
–2,
736

under Napoleon,
738
–9,
742

19th-cent. French,
748
,
766

Tsarist Russia,
762
–4,
766
–7 19th-cent. UK,
783
–4

S. Africa,
808
–9

British India,
817
–18,
824
,
849
–52,
854
,
979
–81

French Indo-China,
857

modern state authority,
1034
–9

see also
feudalism; political institutions; individual countries

Gracchus, Tiberius (163–133
BC
) and Gaius (153–121
BC
), Roman agrarian reformers,
240

Great Britain
see
England; United Kingdom

Great Wall of China,
133
,
322
,
448
,
452
–3

Greece

Mycenaean culture,
99
–101

Greeks in Egypt,
160
,
173

contribution to civilization,
169
–70

(i) civilization,
171
–87; conscious Hellenic identity,
172
–4; topography,
172
; Greeks overseas,
172
,
178
,
184
,
189
–90; aristocratic society,
175
–6; economic life,
176
–7; political development,
179
–84; struggle against Persia,
185
–6; expansion,
186

(ii) classical civilization,
188
–211; political history,
188
–91; nature of culture,
191
–2,
199
,
210
–11; limited economic patterns,
192
; social structure,
192
–5; dominance of Athens,
195
–9; growth of rational thought,
199
–206; literary achievements,
206
–9; supreme artistic quality,
209
–10

(iii) Hellenistic age,
212
–23; influence on Macedon,
212
; Philip II’s expansion,
213
–14; Alexander spreads culture,
214
–17; changed spirit,
218
–19