The New Penguin History of the World (239 page)

see also
Byzantine empire

Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome,
227

Roöntgen, Wilhelm (1845–1923), German physicist,
1013

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945), US president

‘New Deal’,
949
–50

World War II and,
949
–50,
960
,
965
,
967

Russians and,
973

Asian policies,
981
–2

use of radio,
1039

Roosevelt, Theodore (1858–1919), US president,
829

Rosetta stone,
78

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), Swiss philosopher,
693
–4

Roxana (d. 311
BC
), wife of Alexander the Great,
217

Rum, sultanate of,
359
,
374
,
379

Rurik (d. 879), prince of Russia,
365
,
366

Russia,

Russians origins
365

(i) Kiev Russia: rise,
365
–7; conversion to Orthodoxy,
368
; links with W.,
368
–9; Kiev supremacy wanes,
369
–70,
371
; Mongol attacks,
378
,
527
; dismemberment of Persia,
392
; rivalry with China,
462
–3,
615

emergence of state,
528
–30,
613
–21

modernization of state,
594
,
619
,
620
–5,
765
–6

territorial gains,
619
,
813
–14

abolition of serfdom,
707
,
765
–6 grain trade,
708

and Eastern Question,
750
,
754
–5,
765

19th cent. revolutionary tradition,
762
authoritarian bureaucracy,
762
–4,
884

and Japan,
848

1905 revolutions,
866

economy,
883
–4,
907
–8,
912

foreign policy,
887
,
888
,
890
,
892
,
893

Bolshevik revolution (October),
896
–908,
921

former allies and,
902
–3

civil wars,
907

Asian policies,
915
,
924
,
926
,
927

Turkey and,
937
–8,
942

Persia and,
943

foreign policies,
949
,
956
–7

internal crisis,
951
–2

World War II and,
959
–60,
961
,
963
,
965
–6,
967
,
985

(ii) post-1945: UNO and,
974
–5; strength of,
970
; domestic policies,
972
,
1095
–6; E. European policies,
973
–4,
975
,
976
,
1041
,
1043
,
1093
–4,
1106
,
1036
,
1138
–9; in Middle East,
974
,
988
–9,
1068
,
1071
,
1121
; Cold War and,
976
–7; space exploration,
1018
–21,
1097
; China and,
1054
,
1055
–7,
1106
; economy,
1096
–7,
1134
,
1140
,
1163
,
1164
,
1165
,
1166
; in balance of power,
1097
,
1127
; African policies,
1121
; in Afghanistan,
1126
,
1130
,
1135
,
1140
; and arms control,
1129
,
1134
,
1135
–6; end of USSR,
1140
–3,
1145
–6; Russian Republic,
1141
,
1163
–6; and Chechnya,
1164
,
1165

Rutherford, Ernest, baron (1871–1937), New Zealand scientist,
1013
,
1014

Saddam Hussein (1937–2006), Iraqi politician,
1038
,
1131
–3,
1170
,
1175
–6

Safavid dynasty in Persia,
390
–2

Sahara

animal husbandry,
149
–50

racial groups,
149
–50

French and,
824

St Peter, Rome, church of,
576

St Petersburg, tsarist capital,
619
,
620
,
623
,
713

Saint-Simon, Claude de (1760–1825), French social scientist,
759

St Sophia, Constantinople, church of
308
,
358
,
365

Sakhalin,
1063

Saladin, Yusuf ibn-Ayyub (1138–93), ruler of Egypt and Syria (1174–93),
339
,
361

chivalrous repute,
376

triumph over crusaders,
376
,
526

salt, from Africa,
479

Salvation Army,
714

Samanid dynasty,
373
,
374
–5

Samaria,
114

Samoa, naval base at,
828

Samuel, Hebrew prophet,
112
,
114

samurai
,
472
,
473
–5,
476
,
841
,
842
,
844
,
846

Saqqara,
73

Sarajevo
1151

assassination at,
892

Sardinia

growth,
607
,
742
,
747

leader of Italian unity,
755

Sargon I (
c.
2400–
c.
2350
BC
), king of Akkad and Sumer,
58
–9,
120

Sargon II, king of Assyria (721–705
BC
),
116

Sassanid dynasty in Persia

pressure on Rome,
280

basis of power,
317
–19

aggression under Chosroes II,
320

fall,
320
–1,
330

Satsuma rebellion,
846

Saudi Arabia

kingdom established,
940

oil and,
1070

Gulf War and,
1133

Saul (d.
c.
1010
BC
), king of Israel,
112

Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98), Italian reformer,
502

Savoy

dynasty,
607

duchy, lost,
755

Saxons
see
England; Germanic peoples

Scandinavia
see
Norsemen; individual areas

Schroödinger, Erwin (1887–1961), Austrian physicist,
1014

science

Greek,
201

Hellenistic,
220
–1

Arabic,
339

transmitted to W.,
538

introduced to Russia,
620

medieval weaknesses,
679
–80

attitudes to,
679
–86

modern impact,
876
–82,
1003
,
1011
–17,
1183
–6

distrust of,
1023
–6

see also
chemistry; physics; technology

Scotland

Norsemen and,
407

backward,
567

wars with England,
586
,
605

union with England (1707),
607

intellectual flowering,
691

scripts

cuneiform types,
52
,
55
,
63
,
64

Egyptian hieroglyphic,
77

Phoenician alphabet,
93
,
104
,
163
,
171

Minoan,
99
–100

Hebrew,
112

Cyrillic,
364
,
369

Carolingian minuscule,
399
,
542

Turkish latinization,
943

see also
literacy; writing

sculpture

Egyptian,
78
,
83

Persians,
163

Greek supremacy in,
210

Hellenistic,
223

Indian classical,
430
,
431

Scythian peoples

advance to Iran,
117
,
163

hold off Persians,
185

identity and culture,
322

in Punjab,
428

Sebastopol,
753

Seleucus (
c.
325–281
BC
)

Seleucid dynasty,
218
,
224

united Hellenism and orient,
218
–20

hellenizing of Jews,
262
–3

Seljuk Turks,
374
–6

second Turkish empire,
374
–5

response to crusades,
395
–6

Serbia

Ottoman conquest of,
388

state established,
932

World War I and,
889
,
892
,
901

serfdom

in later Roman empire,
298

in feudal Europe,
420

recedes in medieval Europe,
514
,
519
,
553

in Russia,
621
–2,
625

abolished in France,
706

abolished,
707
,
765
–6

Severus, L. Septimus (146–211), Roman emperor (193–211),
256
,
277
,
279

Sforza family,
602

Shah Jahan (1592–1666), Moghul emperor of India (1627–58),
440
–2

Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), English dramatic poet,
600
,
680

Shang China,
135
–6,
139
–40,
147

Shi’ites

Iran/Iraq
1122
–3

Islamc sect,
333
,
336
,
336
,
342
,
1176
–7

Buwayhid members,
374

in Persia,
380

Safavid members,
391

Iran/Iraq,
1121
–2

Shinto, Japanese religion,
467
–8,
845
–6

shipping

sail used,
91
–2,
517

in Mediterranean,
168

Scandinavian,
406

medieval advances,
531
–2

Dutch,
558
,
663
,
665

early modern developments,
632
–3,
662
–4

increased by colonies,
655

steam-driven,
708
,
711
,
798

in war,
754

submarine warfare,
895
,
896
,
962
–3

Soviet,
1121

see also
naval power and tactics; navigation

Shiva, Hindu god,
128
,
129
,
432

Shriners, religious sect,
75

Siam (Thailand)

early European presence,
635
,
636

retained independence,
823
,
827

Siberia, Russian colonization of,
614
,
814

Sicily

disastrous Athenian expedition to,
190
,
196
,
225

Roman conquest of,
234

Arab conquest,
406

Sidon, Phoenician site,
104
,
105

Sierra Leone, slave refuge,
669

Sikhs

empire in N.W. India,
637

in Indian politics,
1120

silk

from China,
168
,
224
,
280
,
382
,
445
,
446