The New Penguin History of the World (241 page)

art in,
56
,
60

technology in,
57
–8

women and law,
56
–7,
62

history of,
58
–61

influence on Egypt,
66
,
68

Sung dynasty in China (960–1126),
454
,
459

Mongol threat to,
454

art under,
456
–7

technology under,
458

Suni, Islamic sect,
333
,
336
,
1123
,
1126
,
1176
–7

Seljuk members,
374

Ottoman members,
391

and Iran/Iraq war,
1122

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), Chinese revolutionary,
839
,
840
,
858

KMT and,
917
,
924
–5

Japanese and,
919

death,
925
,
926

superstition

Greek,
200
,
202
,
222

in Roman empire,
255
,
272

early modern,
674

Surrealism,
946
–7

Sviatoslav, prince of Russia (962–72),
367

Swanscombe man,
18

Sweden

Swedes, in Poland,
611

against Russia,
619
,
625

against Prussia,
626

power declines,
625

colonization,
649

World War II and,
962

NATO and,
1043

joins European Union,
1155

see also
Norsemen; Varangians

Switzerland,
962

Symmachus, Q, Aurelius (
c.
340–
c.
416),

Roman aristocrat,
296

Syracuse,
184
,
189
–90,
225
,
233
,
234

Syria

Minoan connexions with,
97

defeat by Assyria,
116

in Alexandrine empire,
214
,
216
,
218

invaded by Persia,
280

Christian,
285
,
289
,
309
,
311

Arab conquest,
329
,
330

Umayyad seat,
333
,
340

crusades in,
526

French interest in,
937
–8,
822

World War II and,
962

Syria–
cont

independent,
987

Arab League and,
988

in United Arab Republic,
1069

Egypt and,
1121

Gulf War and,
1133

Taiping rebellion in China (1850–64),
835
–7

Taiwan (Formosa),
1055
,
1114
,
1116
,
1160

Taj Mahal,
440

Tamberlane
see
Timur Lang

T’ang dynasty in China

collapse of,
373

family and state under,
447
–8

Confucian civil service,
448
–51

population pressure under,
454

classical age of art,
455
–6

Tantrism, semi-magical cult,
434

Taoism,
146
,
452
,
460

Tariq (d.
c.
720), Berber commander,
330

Tatars, Mongolian tribe,
378
,
528
,
530

technology

earliest tools,
7
,
9
–10,
11
,
16
,
22
,
23

advanced by fire,
14

Palaeolithic artifacts and materials,
22
,
23

Neolithic,
29
,
31

in Sumer,
57
–8

in Egypt,
67
–8,
79

Minoan,
98

in India,
121
,
132

in China,
134
,
141
,
457
–8,
464

Roman technical skill,
251

early medieval European,
417
–18

early E. African,
481

agricultural advances,
516
–17,
554
,
705
–8

industrial advances,
560
–1,
709
–10

domestic machines,
870
–1

social impact of,
878
–9

space explorations and,
1018
,
1020
see also
industrialization; metallurgy; plough; science; telescope

telescope,
682
,
684

television,
1010
–11

Tengri, Mongol god,
381
–2

Tennessee Valley scheme,
950
–6

Tenochitlan, Aztec city,
485

Teotihuacá n, early American city,
483

Tertullian (
c.
152–222), Christian churchman,
284
,
297
,
416
,
539

Teutonic knights,
379
,
527
–8,
625

textiles

Asian,
560

E.–W. trade in,
637

factory industry,
711

see also
cotton; silk; wool

Thailand
see
Siam

Thales (
c.
640–546
BC
), Greek philosopher,
202

Thatcher, Margaret (1925–), British prime minister,
1110
–11,
1112

Thebes

Egypt,
70
,
84
,
160

Greece,
190

Themistocles (
c.
514–449
BC
), Athenian statesman,
197

Theodoric (455–526), Ostrogothic king of Italy (474–526),
303
–4,
305

Theodosius I (
c.
346–95), Roman emperor in E. (379–95),
294
,
295
–6

Theseus, legendary Athenian hero,
96

Thespis (6th cent.
BC
), Greek actor,
208

‘Third World’, political grouping of,
1051

Thomas à Kempis (
c.
1380–1471), Christian mystic,
497

Thomson, Sir Joseph John (1856–1940), British physicist,
1013

Thor, Norse god,
366

Thotmes III, king of Egypt (
c.
1500–
c.
1446),
84

Thrace,
107
,
173
,
213

Thucydides (
c.
460–400
BC
), Greek historian,
191
,
198
,
207

Tiberius, Claudius Nero (42
BC
–
AD
37), Roman emperor (ad 14–37),
246
–7

Tibet

Chinese invasions of,
463
,
464

British invasion of,
792
,
827

Chinese and,
460
–1,
1055

Timur Lang (
c.
1336–1405), Mongol emperor

aspired to rival Chinghis Khan,
383
–4,
387

sacked Delhi,
435

tin,
90
,
156

Tito (Josip Broz) (1892–1980), Yugoslav statesman,
1093
,
1144

Tokugawa shogunate,
473
–4,
475
,
476

problems and responses,
841
–3

Tokyo (formerly Edo),
843

Toledo, Spain,
538

Toltec peoples,
484

tools, earliest,
7
,
9
–10,
11
,
16
,
22
,
23

trade

in Mesopotamian economy,
57
–8

in Egypt,
68
,
83

increasing complexity of,
90
–1

money and barter,
92
–3

Phoenician,
105

in India,
122

‘degrading’,
176
,
195

simple Greek structure,
192

expands in Hellenistic cities,
219

Mongol exploitation of,
381
,
459

Dark Age decline,
417

early western links with India,
429
,
441
–2

stimulated urbanization,
515

world growth,
527
,
556
–8,
634
–7,
647
,
655
,
793
–4

Russia and W.,
620
,
623

motive for imperialism,
634
–7,
644
,
647

British imperial concern,
814
–15,
820

Europe and China,
832
,
835

Japanese,
842
–3,
916
,
927

post-1919 tariff walls,
914
,
927

and ideology,
1046

see also
economic organization; individual commodities

trades unionism in France,
736

inspired by Marxism,
761

in UK,
786
,
868

and fascism,
910

Trajan, M. Ulpius (
c.
52–117), Roman emperor (98–117),
247
,
248
,
257

transport and travel

prehistoric patterns,
91
–2

Roman,
301

Mongol stimulus,
381

Chinese canals,
449
,
452
medieval European,
517
international,
708
,
710
–11

effects on industrial growth,
710
–11,
864

in British India,
817

see also
air travel; motor car; railways;

shipping; Suez Canal

Transvaal Republic,
808
,
809

treaties

Verdun (843),
401

Tordesillas (1494),
533

Westphalia (1648),
604
–5

Breda (1667),
600

Peace of Paris (1763),
657

Paris (1783),
723
–4

Vienna (1815),
746
–7,
750

Japanese ‘unequal’,
843
,
847
,
927

‘Reinsurance’ (1887),
890

Brest-Litovsk (1918),
897

Versailles (1919),
899
,
901
,
903
,
905
,
912
,
948
,
953
,
955

Locarno (1925),
948

Lateran (1929),
910

Rome (1957),
1108

Maastricht,
1153
–4

Trent, Council of (1545–63),
581
,
584
,
670

Trieste,
1046

Tripoli, Italian attack on,
830
,
855
,
934

Trotsky, Leon Davidovich (1879–1940),

Russian revolutionary,
908

Troy,
107

siege of,
101
,
103
,
345

Truman, Harry S (1884–1972), US president

and Europe,
974
,
975

and Middle East,
989

and Far East,
1044

Truman Doctrine,
976

Tsolikovsky, Konstantin (1857–1935), Russian scientist,
1018

Tudor dynasty in England,
600