The New Penguin History of the World (237 page)

Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), British statesman,
718
,
783

Peking

Chinese capital,
459
,
460
,
462

diplomats,
837

in Chinese Revolution,
917

activist students,
918
,
919
–20,
921

Tiananmen incident,
1148

Peking man,
133

Pelagianism, Christian heresy,
297
,
298

Peloponnese,
101
,
214
,
388

see also
Mycenae; Sparta

Peloponnesian League, in Spartan interests,
186

Pepin ‘the Short’ (714–68), king of Franks (751–68),
396
–7,
412
,
414

Pergamon,
218
,
236

library at,
220

Pericles (
c.
490–429
BC
), Athenian statesman,
189
,
195
,
197
,
200

Pé ron, Juan Domingo (1895–1973), Argentine statesman,
1082

Perry, Matthew (1794–1858), US naval officer,
842
–3

Persepolis,
163
,
216

Persia, Persians

(i) ancient: Indo-European origins,
89
; invade Babylon,
118
; under Cyrus,
161
–3,
262
; under Darius,
162
–4; wars with Greece,
185
–6,
188
; Spartan ally,
190
; decline,
212
: hostility of Macedon,
214
–15; rule of Alexander,
214
–17

(ii) Sassanid rule,
280
,
317
–21,
324
,
330
; wars with Justinian,
306
,
307

(iii) Safavid dynasty,
390
–1; cultural flowering,
391
; English trade,
392

(iv) modern
see
Iran

Peru

Chavin culture,
153

Inca society,
487
–8

Spanish conquest,
643

military rule,
1089

Peter, St (d. 64), Christian apostle,
268
,
272

papal authority attributed to,
312
,
397
,
412

Peter I ‘the Great’ (1672–1725), tsar of Russia (1682–1725),
594

modernizing autocrat,
618
–23,
628
,
908

territorial expansion,
619
,
626

Pharaohs,
76
,
82

role of,
70
–1

marriages of,
81

Phidias (
c.
500–
c.
431
BC
), Greek sculptor,
199
,
210

Philip II (382–336
BC
), king of Macedon (359–336
BC
),
212
–14

Philip II (1527–98), king of Spain (1556–98),
583
,
584
,
589
,
603
–4

Philippines

US interests,
829
,
859

World War II and,
962

independent,
1064

philosophy

Confucianism,
143
–6

Taoism,
146

Greeks achieve rational thought,
199
–203

and Plato,
203
,
204
–5

Hellenistic quietism,
222
–3

Indian thought,
430
,
432
,
438

medieval scholasticism,
536
–7

Enlightenment,
687
–95,
876

Romanticism,
694
–5

impact of science,
881
–2

Phoenicia/Phoenicians,
92
,
104
–5,
184

alphabet,
93
,
104
,
163
,
171

art,
104
–5

location,
105

trade,
105
,
157

under Hebrews,
113

Phrygian people,
107
–8,
117

physics

study of, early modern advances,
683
,
684
–5

modern discoveries,
1015

relativity,
1014

Pilate, Pontius, Roman governor of Judaea (26–36),
264
,
266
,
270

Pilgrim Fathers, The,
652
–3

piracy

Norse,
406
–8

Caribbean,
603
,
648
,
658

Pizarro, Francisco (
c.
1475–1541), Spanish conqueror of Peru,
643

Planck, Max (1858–1947), German physicist,
1013
–4

plantation crops coffee,
665
; trade in,
636
; in Caribbean economy,
647
,
671
; in Java,
671
; in Brazil,
804

sugar,
665
,
671

rubber,
671
; in Caribbean economy,
647
,
648
; object of war,
661
; duties on,
722

tobacco,
442
,
665
; trade in,
637
,
665
; in Caribbean economy,
647
,
648
; in N. America,
651
,
653
; in Ceylon,
671

see also
cotton

Plato (
c.
428–
c.
348
BC
), Greek philosopher,
198

on Socrates,
198
,
200

insistence on rationalism,
200

reality immaterial,
203
,
204
–5

first textbook writer,
205

transmitted to Island,
220
,
338

influence on Christianity,
274
,
274
,
284

Pleistocene period,
5

Early,
8
–11

Late,
11
,
19
–21

Middle,
11
–17

see also
Neolithic era; Palaeolithic era

Pliny the Elder (23–79 a d), Roman naturalist and writer,
252

Pliny the Younger (62–113 a d), Roman administrator,
429

plough,
35

in Europe,
417
–18,
516

in Africa,
478

in Americas,
483
,
486

in Russia,
622

poetry

Greek achievement in drama,
207
–8

poet as teacher in Greece,
207

Japanese,
471

Renaissance forms,
540
see also
individual writers

Poland

Slav origins,
370

conversion to Catholicism,
370

defeat by Mongols,
379

government,
594
,
610
,
613

Russia and,
611
–12,
615
,
625
,
973

first partition,
628
,
765

revolts,
749
,
751
,
757
,
764

Versailles settlement and,
901
–2,
949

authoritarian regime,
911

fourth partition,
956
–7

post-1945,
1032
,
1041
,
1093
,
1137
–8

Solidarity,
1138
–9

collapse of communist regime,
1139

joins NATO,
1150

political ideas

legislative sovereignty,
571
,
573
,
591
,
596

enlightened despotism,
593
–7

dynasticism,
596
,
604
,
609

popular sovereignty in US,
728

in France,
732
–3,
735
,
748
–9

‘Right’ and ‘Left’,
736
–7

attacked,
752

see also
communism; fascism; government and administration; liberalism; Marxism; socialism

political institutions

monarchy: Sumerian,
55
,
58
–9; Pharaonic,
70
; Greek,
104
,
181
–2; divine kingship in Rome,
255
,
282
,
284
; Byzantine autocracy,
345
–6; Mongol autocracy,
382
; royal power in Europe,
421
,
503
–4,
572
–3,
588
–9,
590
,
592
–7; Tsarist autocracy,
616
–17; Napoleonic autocracy,
740
–1

aristocracy: early Greek,
175
–6; legal privileges,
563
–5,
664
;
see also
class structure

oligarchy: in Greece,
182
,
198
,
214
; of Roman republic,
230
–2; of Italian citystates,
509
–10

parliaments and representative bodies: Athenian democracy,
181
,
196
–8; medieval European,
512
; prerevolutionary France,
588
,
729
–30,
732
; French National Assembly,
732
–3,
735
,
748
; Indian National Congress,
852
,
853
,
981
; US democratization,
774
,
778
,
780
; British democratization,
781
–3 (
see also
Parliament, English); use by socialists,
867
; franchise extensions,
869
,
916
; hostility of Bolsheviks,
897
; hostility of Nazis,
953
–4

republicanism: in US constitution,
725
–6,
775
: in French constitutions,
733
,
737

federalism,
727
–8,
806

see also
government and administration; individual countries

political party systems

strengthened in US,
779
–80

organized in UK,
783

SDP in Germany,
867

Russian socialists,
868

spread of,
871

KMT and CCP in China,
917

see also
Bolsheviks; communism

pollution
see
environmental concern and change

Polybius (
c.
201–120
BC
), Roman historian,
238

Pompadour, Jeanne de (1721–64), mistress of Louis XIV,
568

Pompey (106–46
BC
), Roman general,
241
,
243
,
263

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), English poet,
685

population and demographic patterns prehistoric,
32
–3,
34
,
45
,
47

Europe: Dark Ages,
418
;

Medieval,
512
–15,
517
–18;

early modern trends,
550
–3,
555
,
558
–9,
622
;

modern,
699
–704,
713
,
731
,
863
–4

Asian/Indian,
453
,
465
,
466
,
832
,
982

Americas,
648
,
651
,
772
,
780
–1,
803

Malthusian theory,
699
–70,
995

emigration and,
700
,
703
–4,
797
–9

Africa,
826

worldwide growth and structure,
995
–1000

see also
contraception; mortality rates

Portugal

Portuguese trading ships,
390

interest in Persia,
392