The New Penguin History of the World (238 page)

trade with India,
439
,
441

in China,
461
,
632
,
838

in Japan,
472
,
474

maritime expeditions,
532
–4

Spain and,
533
,
589
,
607

commercial imperialism,
632
,
633
–6,
645
,
672

slave trading,
668

government in exile,
800
–1

World War I and,
892

authoritarian regime,
911

World War II and,
962

and decolonization,
1048

joins EEC,
1113

Poseidon, Greek god,
174

Postumus (d. 267), Roman imperial claimant,
277

Potocki family in Poland,
613

Potsdam Conference (1945),
974

pottery

Neolithic,
36
,
41

Sumerian,
51
,
57

Indian,
122

Chinese,
134
–5,
147
,
447
,
455
,
463

Athenian,
192

Arabic,
338
,
341

Praxiteles (4th cent.
BC
), Greek sculptor,
210

press

censorship,
592
,
740

rise of periodicals,
678
–9

imperialism and,
823

in Japan,
844

growth of cheap press,
871

Chinese revolutionary,
917
,
921

Prester John (
c.
12th–13th cent.), legendary Christian king,
375
,
532

primates, development of,
6
–8

printing

spreads Bible,
108
,
542

movable type in China,
456

stimulus to papermaking,
516

impact on Europe,
541
–3,
677
–8

diffusion of ideas,
676
,
682
,
876

prosimians,
6
–7

Protestant Reformation

origins and spread,
574
–81

undermined authority,
588
,
689
,
694

force for literacy,
678

Protestants

Lutheranism,
575
–7,
580

Anabaptists,
577

Calvinism,
577
–8,
582

in New England,
651

see also
Anglican Church

Prussia

enlightened despotism in,
594
–5

Hohenzollern state,
625
–6,
628

French revolutionary wars and,
733
,
740
,
744

German unification and,
752
,
755
–6

psychology

science of, psychoanalysis,
947
,
1028
–9

behaviourism,
1029

Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd cent.
AD
), Egyptian astronomer,
204
,
534
–5,
538

Ptolemy I ‘Soter’ (
c.
367–238
BC
), ruler of Egypt (323–285
BC
),
218
,
220
,
221

Puerto Rico, US acquisition of,
829

Pugachev, Russian rebel (1773),
625

Punch
, British journal,
805

puritanism

soul–body schism and,
204

influenced by Augustine,
298

27th cent. force,
587
–8,
651

Putin, Vladimir, (1952–) Russian leader,
1165
–6

Pylos,
100
,
101

pyramids,
73
–4,
76

Pyramid of Cheops,
73

Step Pyramid,
73

Mayan,
483

Pyrrhus (
c.
318–272
BC
), king of Epirus (295–272
BC
),
226
,
233

Pythagoras (
c.
570–500
BC
), Greek mystical mathematician,
203

Quebec,
650
,
806

Quetzalcoatl, Aztec god,
486
–7

Quraysh, Bedouin tribe

Muhammad a member,
325

caliphs,
329
,
333

racial issues

ethnic groups,
47
,
149
,
150

imperialism and,
668
,
671
–2

multi-racial Latin America,
645
,
803

in southern Africa,
809
–10

natives and colonists,
810
–11

Nazi theories,
953
–4

né gritude
,
1037

see also
anti-Semitism; Germanic peoples; Indo-European

radio

early use,
878
,
1010

Nazi monopoly,
954

political use,
1039

Soviet jamming of Western,
1097

Radischev, Alexander Nikolaievich (1749–1802), Russian political exile,
624

Radziwell family in Poland,
613

railways

facilitate trade and communications,
708
,
710
,
711
,
757
,
796
,
798
,
864

British,
712

in war,
754

Indian,
817
,
850

Japanese,
844

Rama, Hindu god,
426

Ramayana
, Indian epic,
127
,
426

Ramses III, king of Egypt (
c.
1200–1168),
85

Ramses XI, king of Egypt (12th cent.
BC
),
85

Ravenna,
293
,
306
,
354
,
399
,
412

Reagan, Ronald (1911–2004), US president,
1129
–30,
1135

Reformation
see
Protestant Reformation

religion

origins,
25

divinity of kings,
70
–1,
221
–2,
254
–5,
282
,
283

diversity,
94

and morality,
114

mystery cults,
256
,
273

Byzantine theological disputes,
347
,
349
–50,
355
–6

legal support of,
675

awe mitigated by Enlightenment,
688
,
876

social cement dissolves,
714

declining political force,
874
–5

impact of science on,
1028

as modern social force,
1028
,
1030
–2

Sumerian,
50
–1,
53
–6

Egyptian,
74
–7,
84

Hebrew vision,
110
–11

Babylonian,
63
–4

Minoan,
98
–9

Indian,
124
–5,
128
–32

Chinese ancestor-worship,
139

Persian,
163
–4

Greece,
174
,
222

and Roman civic life,
254
–5

Mongol,
281
–2

Aztec,
486
–7

see also
individual religions and deities

Renaissance

classical inspiration and arts,
540
–1,
688

technology,
560
–1

descriptive science,
680
–2

Renan, Ernest (1823–92), French scholar,
876

revolution, idea of

accepted into political thought,
720
,
747

‘Right’ and ‘Left’ debate,
536
–7

in Marxist thought,
760

British reluctance,
785
–6

Chinese peasant emphasis,
926

Reza Khan (1878–1944), shah of Persia (1925–41),
943
–4

Rhodesia

Zimbabwe buildings,
481

British settlement,
825
,
827

independence,
1078
–9

see also
Zimbabwe

Richelieu, Cardinal Armand de (1585–1642), French statesman,
592
,
604

Rig-Veda
, Indian text,
124
–5,
130

Risorgimento
,
892
,
909
see also
Italy

Rollo (d. 921), first duke of Normandy,
366
,
402

Roman Catholic Church

(i) growth: early temper,
297
; political importance in Dark Ages,
303
,
311
; rise of Papacy,
312
–13; estranged from E.,
350
,
357
,
526
; early medieval insecurity,
411
–12; cultural monopoly,
414
–15

(ii) medieval role: basis of European civilization,
491
–2; reform movements in,
491
–3,
498
–502; role of Papacy,
491
–5,
497
–500; friars,
496
; intolerance,
496
–7; social role,
502
–3,
566
; legal immunity,
574

(iii) modern: Protestant Reformation and,
575
–81,
588
,
678
,
689
; Counter-Reformation,
581
–4,
583
,
594
,
611
,
670
; in Latin America,
646
–7; in Canada,
722
–3; in France,
733
,
739
; authority questioned,
876
; anti-Marxism of,
909
; fascist concessions,
909
; world-wide strength,
1031

see also
Church and state; clergy; Papacy

Romania established,
754

World War I and,
892

Versailles settlement and,
902
,
949

Russia and,
1106

collapse of communist regime,
1142

Romanov dynasty in Russia,
616
,
619

see also
individual rulers

Romanticism,
694
–5,
737

idealization of artist,
946

Rome, Romans,
225
,
226

(i) Republic,
227
–44; Etruscan inheritance,
227
–9; political structure,
230
–2,
236
–7; expansion,
233
–5; wars with Carthage,
233
–5; army enters politics,
239
–40; civil wars,
241
,
247

(ii) Empire,
245
–59,
306
–14; Augustan settlement,
245
–6; Augustan successors,
246
–7; territorial expansion,
247
–9; administrative and cultural cosmopolitanism,
249
–50; technical skills,
251
; brutality,
252
,
254
; social divisions,
251
–2; civic and mystery religions,
254
–7; economic and military basis,
257
–9

(iii) decline and fall,
276
–94; weakness of government,
276
–7; economic weakness,
277
–8; border troubles in E.,
279
; barbarian invasions in W.,
280
–1; Diocletian’s reorganization,
282
–3; Christianity established,
285
–9; Constantine’s administrative reforms,
286
; persecution fails to eradicate Christians,
286
; empire collapses in W.,
289
–92

Empire in E.,
289
–92

Justinian’s efforts,
307
–9