The Proud Tower (91 page)

C
AMBON
, P
AUL
,
Correspondence, 1870–1924
, 3 vols., Paris, Grasset, 1940.

C
ASTELLANE
, M
ARQUIS
B
ONI DE
,
How I Discovered America
, New York, Knopf, 1924.

^*
C
HAPMAN
, G
UY
,
The Dreyfus Case: A Reassessment
, New York, Reynal, 1955.

C
LARETIE
, J
ULES
, “Souvenirs du Dîner Bixio,”
La Revue de France
, June 15, July 1 and 15, August 1 and 15, 1923.

C
LEMENCEAU
, G
EORGES
,
Contre la Justice
, Paris, Stock, 1900.

C
LERMONT
-T
ONNERRE
, E
LIZABETH
(
DE
G
RAMONT
), D
UCHESSE DE
,
Mémoires
, 3 vols., Paris, Grasset, 1928.

^*
D
AUDET
, L
ÉON
,
Au Temps de Judas: Souvenirs de 1880 à 1908
, Paris, NLN, 1920.

D
ELHORBE
, C
ECILE
,
L’Affaire Dreyfus et les Ecrivains Français
, Paris, Attinger, 1932.

E
LLIS
, H
AVELOCK
,
From Rousseau to Proust
, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1935.

F
RANCE
, A
NATOLE
,
M. Bergeret à Paris
, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1902.

G
ARD
, R
OGER
M
ARTIN DU
,
Jean Barois
, Paris, Gallimard, 1921.

G
ARRIC
, R
OBERT
,
Albert de Mun
, Paris, Flammarion, 1935.

G
IRAUD
, V
ICTOR
,
Les Maîtres du l’Heure
(Jules Lemaître). Vol. II, Paris, Hachette, 1919.

G
OLDBERG
, H
ARVEY
,
The Life of Jean Jaurès
, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1962.

G
UILLEMINAULT
, G
ILBERT
, ed.,
La Belle Epoque
, 3 vols., Paris, Denoël, 1957.

H
ERZOG
, W
ILHELM
,
From Dreyfus to Petain
, tr. Walter Sorell, New York, Creative Age Press, 1947.

H
YNDMAN
, H. M.,
Clemenceau
, New York, Stokes, 1919.

I
BELS
, H. G.,
Allons-y!: Histoire Contemporaire
, Paris, Stock, 1898.

J
AURÈS
, J
EAN
,
Les Preuves: Affaire Dreyfus
, Paris,
La Petite République
, 1898.

L
ETHEVE
, J
ACQUES
,
La Caricature et la presse sous la Troisième République
, Paris, Colin, 1961.

L
ONERGAN
, W. F. (correspondent of the
Daily Telegraph
),
Forty Years of Paris
, New York, Brentano’s, 1907.

M
ARTET
, J
EAN
,
Le tigre
(Clemenceau), Paris, Albin Michel, 1930.

M
ASUR
, G
ERHARD
,
Prophets of Yesterday
, New York, Macmillan, 1961.

M
EYER
, A
RTHUR
,
Ce que mes yeux ont vu
, Paris, Plon, 1912.

——,
Ce que je peux dire
, Paris, Plon, 1912.

^*
P
AINTER
, G
EORGE
D.,
Proust: The Early Years
, Boston, Little, Brown, 1959.

P
ALÉOLOGUE
, M
AURICE
,
An Intimate Journal of the Dreyfus Case
, New York, Criterion, 1957.

P
ÉGUY
, C
HARLES
, “Notre Jeunesse,”
Cahiers de la Quinzaine
, 1910. (This was a reply to Daniel Halévy’s essay on the Affair written at Péguy’s invitation and published by him in the
Cahiers de la Quinzaine.
It is reprinted in English translation by Alexander Dru in
Temporal and Eternal.
New York, Harper, 1958.)

P
OUQUET
, J
EANNE
S
IMON
,
Le Salon de Mme Arman de Caillavet
, Paris, Hachette, 1926.

P
ROUST
, M
ARCEL
,
A la recherche du temps perdu
, Paris, Gallimard, 1921–27.

^*
Q
UILLARD
, P
IERRE
,
Le Monument Henry: Liste des Souscripteurs
, Paris, Stock, 1899.

R
ADZIWILL
, P
RINCESS
C
ATHERINE
,
France Behind the Veil
, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1914.

^*
R
ADZIWILL
, P
RINCESS
M
ARIE
,
Lettres au Général du Robilant
, Vol. II, 1896–1901 (the Appendix contains her correspondence with General de Galliffet), Bologna, Zanichelli, 1933.

^**
R
EINACH
, J
OSEPH
,
Histoire de l’Affaire Dreyfus
, 7 vols., Paris, Charpentier, 1901–11.

R
OLLAND
, R
OMAIN
,
Mémoires
, Paris, Albin Michel, 1956.

R
OMAN
, J
EAN
,
Paris Fin de Siècle
, New York, Arts, Inc., 1960.

S
OREL
, G
EORGES
,
La Révolution Dreyfusienne
, Paris, Rivière, 1911.

V
IZETELLY
, E
RNEST
A
LFRED
,
Emile Zola
, London, John Lane, 1904.

——,
Paris and Her People
, New York, Stokes, n.d. (1918).

Z
EVAÈS
, A
LEXANDRE
,
L’Affaire Dreyfus: Quelques Souvenirs personnels, La Nouvelle Revue
, January, February, March, 1936, Vols. 141 and 142.

Z
OLA
, E
MILE
,
La Vérité en Marche
(collected ed.), Paris, Bernouard, 1928.

Notes

Since my purpose in this chapter was not to retell the story of the Dreyfus Affair but rather to show French society reacting to it, I have not thought it necessary to document the historical events of the case unless they are controversial or obscure. The basic and essential source is still Reinach’s stupendous work overflowing with facts, texts, documentation, insights, comments, eyewitnessed scenes, character portraits of the leading figures he knew and his own direct experiences, such as the moment in the Chamber during de Mun’s speech when “I felt on my head the hatred of three hundred hypnotized listeners.” Everything that anyone said or did connected with the Affair he made it his business to collect and record, including, besides obvious matters, thousands of peripheral details such as Scheurer-Kestner’s disgust with the reporter or Count Witte’s flash of clairvoyance. As a major actor in, not merely an observer of, the events, Reinach was vilified, calumniated, and caricatured more than anyone excepting Zola. Under these circumstances to have put together a work of such historical value is a feat perhaps unequaled, certainly unsurpassed, in historiography. The reader may take it that any statement or quotation in this chapter not otherwise accounted for is to be found in Reinach, to be located through his Index, which occupies the entire seventh volume.

The most thoughtful expression of the Nationalist point of view is Barrès’ while the most vivid and vicious is Daudet’s. The best modern account—reliable, objective and of readable length—is Chapman’s. For the riots at Auteuil and Longchamps I relied on the contemporary press.

1
“Would have divided the angels themselves”: in
Journal des Débats
, Mar. 8, 1903, on death of Gaston Paris, q. Barrès, 9.

2
“At your age, General”: q. Lonergan, 76.

3
Lavisse on the Grande Armée:
Histoire de France Contemporaine
, III, 379.

4
Anatole France, “all that is left”: The character is M. Panneton de la Barge in
M. Bergeret à Paris
, 65–70.

5
Comte de Haussonville quoted: Paléologue, 147.

6
“France loves peace and prefers glory”: said by Albert Vandal, member of the French Academy, q.
Figaro
, Sept. 25, 1898.

7
Ladies rose for General Mercier: Proust,
Guermantes
, II, 150. The Duchesse de Guermantes caused a sensation at the soirée of the Princesse de Lignes by remaining seated when other ladies rose. It was this action which helped to defeat the Duc for the Presidency of the Jockey Club.

8
“You can have it back”: Reinach, I, 2.

9
“If Dreyfus is acquitted, Mercier goes”: Paléologue, 44.

10
Observer reminded of Dante:
ibid.
, 198–99.

11
Bülow, “There are three Great Powers”: C. Radziwill, 298.

12
Gossip on de Rodays bribed: Radziwill,
Letters
, 106.

13
Zola, a “shameful disease”:
l’Aurore
, May 13, 1902, q. Boussel, 216.

14
Ernest Judet’s fear of Clemenceau: Daudet, 43.

15
Arthur Meyer’s career: C. Radziwill, 297–307.

16
Rochefort and Kaiser’s supposed letter: Blum, 78–80; Boussel, 157–59. The story of the letter appeared in
l’Intransigeant
, Dec. 13, 1897.

17
Boisdeffre and Princess Mathilde: Radziwill,
Letters
, 133–35. Princess Radziwill told the story to the Kaiser who commented, “It’s a good thing for me that such a man heads the French General Staff … and all I wish is that they leave him where he is.”

18
The “Syndicate”: The Right’s conception of the Syndicate is expressed in all seriousness by Daudet, 11–17, and satirized by Anatole France in Chapter 9 of
M. Bergeret.
The
Dépěche de Toulouse
on Nov. 24, 1897, affirmed the existence of a
Syndicat D.
and its expenditure of 10,000,000 francs: q. Boussel, 138. Other charges from
Libre Parole l’Intransigeant, Jour, Patrie, Eclair, Echo de Paris
given with dates by Reinach, III, 20; also “Le Syndicat,”
l’Aurore
, Dec. 1, 1897, in Zola, 13–19.

19
“Something very great”: Count Harry Kessler, q. Masur, 297.

20
Henry Adams on reading Drumont: July 27 and Aug. 4, 1896,
Letters
, 110, 116.

21
“Clandestine and merciless conspiracy”: q. Herzog, 30.

22
Duc d’Uzès felt gratified:
ibid.
, 31.

23
“They bore us with their Jew”: q. Goldberg, 216.

24
Socialist review of Lazare’s pamphlet: Zevaès, v. 141, 21.

25
“The Duc de Saint-Simon himself”: Reinach, II, 618, n. 1.

26
Esterhazy, “hands of a brigand”; “elegant and treacherous”: C. Radziwill, 326–27; Benda, 181.

27
Scheurer-Kestner like a 16th-century Huguenot: Rolland, 290.

28
Crowds in the Luxembourg gardens: described by Clemenceau in 1908 in a speech dedicating a statue to Scheurer-Kestner.

29
Clemenceau on Monet: q. J. Hampden Jackson,
Clemenceau and the Third Republic
, New York, 1962, 81.

30
“Only the artists”: Martet, 286.

31
Clemenceau on Esterhazy, Jesuits, justice: q. Boussel, 143; Reinach, III, 265. The degree to which contemporary attention was focused on the Affair may be judged from Clemenceau’s five volumes of collected articles:
L’Iniquité
(162 articles from
l’Aurore
and
La Justice
up to July, 1898);
Vers la Réparation
, 1899 (135 articles from
l’Aurore
, July-Dec., 1898);
Des Juges
, 1901 (40 articles from
l’Aurore
, Apr.-May, 1899);
Injustice Militaire
, 1902 (78 articles from
l’Aurore
, Aug.-Dec., 1899);
La Honte
, 1903 (65 articles from
La Dépěche de Toulouse
, Sept., 1899-Dec., 1900).