The Psychology Book (109 page)

this is the most advanced

Trial and error learning
A

human need.

theory of learning initially proposed

Purposive behaviorism
Edward

by Edward Thorndike that claims

Tolman’s theory, which says all

Shaping
In behaviorism, the

learning occurs through the

behavior is directed toward some

shaping of behavior is the

performance of several responses,

ultimate goal.

procedure of providing positive

with the repetition of those that

reinforcement for successive

produce desirable results.

Reality principle
The set of rules,

approximations of a desired

in psychoanalysis, which govern

response or standard.

Unconditional positive regard

the ego and take account of the

In Carl Rogers’ client-centered

real world and its demands.

Social learning
A theory of

therapy, the absolute acceptance

learning based on observing

of someone purely because he or

Reflex
An automatic reaction

the behavior of others and the

she is a human being.

to a stimulus.

consequences of those behaviors.

Albert Bandura was the foremost

Unconditioned response
In

Reinforcement
In classical

proponent of this theory.

classical conditioning
, a

conditioning, the procedure

reflexive (unconditioned, natural)

that increases the likelihood

Stimulus
Any object, event,

response produced in response to a

of a response.

situation, or factor in the

particular stimulus (e.g. moving a

environment that an individual

limb away from a painful stimulus).

Replication
Repetitions of

can detect and respond to.

research or an experiment in all

Unconditioned stimulus
In

details that lead to the same

Stream of consciousness

classical conditioning
, a

results. Replication is essential

William James’s description of

stimulus that elicits a reflexive

to establish validity of findings.

consciousness as a continuous

(unconditioned, natural) response.

flowing process of thoughts.

Repression
In psychoanalytic

Unconscious
In psychoanalysis,

theory, an ego-defense mechanism

Structuralism
A psychological

the part of the psyche that cannot

that pushes unacceptable thoughts,

approach that investigates the

be accessed by the conscious mind.

memories, impulses, or desires

structure of the mind.

beyond conscious awareness.

Validity
The extent to which

Anna Freud also called it

Superego
In psychoanalysis,

a test measures what it is

“motivated forgetting.”

the term for the portion of the

supposed to measure.

psyche that is derived from

Retrieval
Recovering information

internalizing parental and

Zeigarnik effect
The tendency to

stored in the memory through a

societal values and standards.

recall incomplete or unfinished tasks

process of search and find.

It is governed by moral restraints.

more easily than completed ones.

344

INDEX

Baldwin, Albert 312

brain 59, 163

A

Bandler, Richard 114

autism 298

Bandura, Albert 74, 80, 164, 236, 260, 261,

children 265

286–291
, 294

cognitive psychology 158

Bard–Cannon theory 324

connectionism 64

A Guide to Rational Living
, Albert Ellis 91

Bard, Philip 324

damage 16

A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
, Leon

Baron-Cohen, Simon 236, 261, 284,
298–299

female/male 236

Festinger 158

Baron, Robert A. 288

hemispheres 16

A Theory of Human Motivation
, Abraham

Barthes, Roland 123

imaging 76, 150, 163, 191

Maslow 198, 322

Bartlett, Frederic 48, 158, 180, 188, 204, 208,

information processing 182, 183, 185

Absent Fathers, Lost Sons, Guy Corneau
155

234, 237,
335

intelligence 315

Adler, Alfred 90,
100–101
, 138, 139, 142, 146

Basic Forms and the Realization of Human

learning 58

adolescence 46,
47

“Being-in-the-World,”
Ludwig Binswanger 141

memory 190, 191

Adorno, Theodor 248

Bass, Ellen 204

mind/body dualism 20, 211

Affect Theory of Emotions 196

Bateson, Gregory 150, 151

resilience 153

affectionless psychopathy 276

Bayley, Nancy
336

sex differences 284

aggression, childhood 288, 289, 290

Beck, Aaron 72, 91, 142, 145, 159,
174–177
,

speech area 76

Ainsworth, Mary 261, 277,
280–281

198, 200, 212

Breggin, Peter 240

Allport, Floyd 302, 310

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) 177

Breuer, Josef 23, 90, 94

Allport, Gordon 165, 173, 204, 216, 302,
306–313

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 177

brief therapy
149

analysis of consciousness
40–45

Beck, Judith 175

Briggs, Katherine 302

analytical psychology
104–107

Beck Hopelessness Scale 177

Broadbent, Donald 72, 158, 173,
178–185
, 192

Animal Intelligence, Edward Thorndike 65

Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS) 177

Broadbent Filter Model 183

Animal Minds, Donald Griffin 34

Becoming
, Gordon Allport 313

Broca, Pierre Paul 16, 76

antipsychiatry
150–151
, 328, 329

behavior therapy 60, 80

Brown, Roger 194, 216, 217,
237

anxiety 86, 87, 159, 177

behavioral epigenetics
75

Brüke, Ernst 96

applied psychology 182

behavioral psychology
322–323

Bruner, Jerome 158, 162,
164–165
, 173, 188,

archetypes 94, 104, 105, 106, 107

Behavioral Study of Obedience
, Stanley

261, 270

Argyle, Michael 100

Milgram 248

Bruno, Giordano 48

Aristotle 18, 20, 34, 41, 201, 240

behavioral therapy 59, 159

Buddhism 116, 140, 210

Aronson, Elliot 166, 217, 236,
244–245
, 282

behaviorism 11, 12, 59,
68–7
1, 72, 80, 90,

Bühler, Charlotte
336

Asch Paradigm 224, 225

149, 158, 308

Burns, David 142

Asch, Solomon Elliott 216,
224–227
, 248, 249

Behaviorism
, John B. Watson 71

Burt, Cyril 50

Asperger, Hans 298

behaviorist movement 44, 58, 76, 77

attachment theory 261,
274–277
,
278
,
280–281

behaviorist psychology 62, 63, 64, 160

Attitudes Toward Women Scale 236

Bellak, Leopold 149

attribution theory
242–243

Bem, Daryl 166

autism 261, 298

Berkeley, George 20

C

autokinetic effect 225

Berkowitz, Leonard 288

Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr) 60

Berne, Eric 111,
337

Avicenna 22

Bernheim, Hippolyte 224

Cajal, Santiago Ramón y 76

Axline, Virginia 118

Bernoulli, Daniel 193

Campbell, Joseph 104

Azam, Eugene 330

Bettelheim, Bruno 261,
271

Cannon, Walter 324

Beyond Freedom and Dignity
, B.F. Skinner 85

Carroll, John B. 314

Binet, Alfred 17, 30,
50–53
, 265, 302, 304, 314

Cattell, James 35, 50, 51

Binet–Simon Scale 52–53, 52, 304

Cattell, Raymond 302, 303, 308, 313,

B

Binswanger, Ludwig 141

314–315
, 326

bio-psychology
28–29

Chapman, Robin 297

Bleuler, Eugen 31, 150

Charcot, Jean-Martin 17, 23,
30
, 51, 54, 55,

Bly, Robert 155

90, 94

babies,

Boring, Edwin
335

Cherry, Colin 158, 183, 184

attachment theory 274, 275, 280, 281

Bornstein, Robert 232

child abuse 204, 206, 207

hatred by mother 121

Bower, Gordon H. 159, 188,
194–195
, 196

Childhood and Society
, Erik Erikson 46, 260

innate concepts 265

Bowlby, John 77, 104, 152, 211, 260, 271,

children,

nature–nurture debate 29

274–277
, 278, 280

adopted 119, 120

Baddely, Alan 185

Braid, James 22, 23

aggression 288

INDEX 345

attachment theory 276, 278, 280

Karl Lashley 76

Beck 159

autism 298, 299

language 294, 295

Descartes, René 16,
20–21
, 34, 40, 41,

childcare systems 271

Zing-Yang Kuo 75

180, 192

cognitive development 264–269

conformism
224–227
,
248–253

desensitization 59

conditional love for 135

conformity 216,
254–255

development, stages of
272–273

development 12, 13, 270

Conjoint Family Therapy
, Virginia Satir 91

developmental psychology 11, 12, 159,

developmental psychology 260, 261

connectionism
62–63

260–261
, 269,
284–285

education 270, 279

consciousness 16, 17, 44, 148

Dewey, John 216,
334

intelligence tests 52

analysis of
40–45

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

language learning 294, 296, 297

human and animal 37

Disorder
330

moral development 292, 293

mind/body dualism 20

Diatkine, René
338

nature–nurture debate 28

psychoanalysis 94, 95, 96

difference, psychology of 11, 13,
302–303

negative reinforcement 82

stream of 40–41, 45

Dilthey, Wilhelm 309

psychic growth 101

structuralism 24, 25

Dimensions of Personality
, Hans Eysenck 18

psychoanalysis 118, 119

Cooley, Charles Horton 100, 228

Diseases of the Nervous System
,

race attitudes 282, 283

Cooper, David 328

Jean-Martin Charcot 54

stimulus-response conditioning 71

Corneau, Guy 91,
155

dissociation 54, 330

trauma 153, 257

Coué, Emile 22

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) 303, 330

Children of the Kibbutz
, Melford Spiro 271

Counseling and Psychotherapy
, Carl Rogers

Divided Consciousness, Ernest R. Hilgard 54

Choice Theory 217,
240–241

91, 141, 146

Does Consciousness Exist
, William James 20

Chomsky, Noam 59, 72, 85, 173, 211, 260, 261,

Cowan, Nelson 173

Dollard, John 288

294–297

Cox, Catharine 318

Dolto, Françoise 261,
279

Christal, Raymond 326

Craik, Fergus 185

dream analysis 98, 98

Clancy, Susan 208