The rule of empires : those who built them, those who endured them, and why they always fall (88 page)

and Peru
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), xviii; Richard Hingley,

Roman Offi cers and English Gentlemen
(London: Routledge, 2000), 4, 21.

3. Catharine Edwards, “Introduction: Shadows and Fragments,” in
Roman

Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789–1945
, ed. Catharine

Edwards (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3, 9.

4. Citations from Susan Mattern, “Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate,” in
Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources
, ed. Craige

Champion (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 202–3.

5. Benjamin Isaac,
The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 190–92, 503; P. S. Wells, “The Barbarians

Speak: How Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe,” in
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ism
, 244–46.

6. Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold, eds.,
Roman Civilization Source

Book I: The Republic
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 373–34.

7. Quoted in Isaac,
Invention of Racism
, 225.

8. Quoted in Mattern, “Rome and the Enemy,” 203.

9. David Mattingly,
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54 B.C.–A.D. 409
(London: Allen Lane, 2006), 6.

10. Livy,
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, trans. J. C. Yardley

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 188–89.

11. Quoted in Mattern, “Rome and the Enemy,” 212.

12. Lewis and Reinhold,
Roman Civilization Source Book I: The Republic
,

313.

13. P. A. Brunt, “Refl ections on British and Roman Imperialism,”
Compara-

tive Studies in Society and History
7, 3 (1965): 271–72; Keith Hopkins, “Taxes

and Trade in the Roman Empire, 200 b.c.–a.d. 400,”
Journal of Roman Studies

70 (1980): 105–8.

14. Quoted in Mattern, “Rome and the Enemy,” 263.

15. Neil Faulkner,
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(Charleston, SC:

Tempus, 2000), 157; Martin Goodman,
The Roman World, 44 B.C.–A.D. 180

(London: Routledge, 1997), 214.

16. Martin Henig,
The Heirs of King Verica
(Charleston, SC: Tempus, 2002), 55.

17. Josephus,
The Jewish War
, ed. Gaalya Cornfeld et al. (Grand Rapids, MI:

Zondervan, 1982), 444.

18. Keith Bradley,
Slavery and Society at Rome
(Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1994), 13–14, 32.

19. Cassius Dio,
Dio’s Roman History
, 327–29; Faulkner,
Decline and Fall of

Roman Britain
, 50–53.

20. Strabo,
The Geography of Strabo
, book 4:
Gaul
, trans. Horace Leonard

Jones (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 255–57; Julius Caesar,

454 NOTES TO PAGES 40–58

The Conquest of Gaul
, trans. S. A. Handford (Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1951),

135–36; Tacitus,
On Britain and Germany
, trans. H. Mattingly (Baltimore:

Penguin, 1964), 61–62.

21. P. C. N. Stewart, “Inventing Britain: The Roman Creation of an Image,”

Britannia
26 (1995): 1–7; Katherine Clarke, “An Island Nation: Re-Reading

Tacitus’ ‘Agricola,’ ”
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91 (2001): 101–2.

22. Strabo,
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, book 4:
Gaul
, 255.

23. Caesar,
Conquest of Gaul
, 119–25.

24. Ibid., 135–39; Strabo,
Geography of Strabo
, book 4:
Gaul
, 257–59.

25. S. S. Frere, “Verulamium: Urban Development and the Local Region,” in

Invasion and Response
, 273; Todd,
Roman Britain
, 29–30.

26. Suetonius,
The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
, trans. J. C. Rolfe (London:

Heinemann, 1914), 2:287.

27. Tacitus,
On Britain and Germany
, 85–88.

28. Martin Millet,
The Romanization of Britain
(Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1990), 56.

29. Peter Salway, “Conclusion,” in
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A.D. 410
, ed. Peter Salway (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 205; Henig,

Heirs of King Verica
, 42–44, 55.

30. Cassius Dio,
Dio’s Roman History
, trans. Earnest Cary (Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 1931), 8:83, 95.

31. Ibid., 85–87.

32. Tacitus,
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, trans. Michael Grant (New York:

Penguin, 1986), 328.

33. Tacitus,
On Britain and Germany
, 72.

34. Anthony Barrett, “The Career of Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus,”
Bri-

tannia
10 (1979): 242.

35. Lindsay Allason-Jones,
Women in Roman Britain
(London: British

Museum, 1989), 59.

36. This may simply refer to an assessment of their military value as auxiliaries. Alan Bowman,
Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and

Its People
(New York: Routledge, 1994), 29, 106.

37. John Wacher,
The Coming of Rome
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,

1979), 74.

R. Hingley, “Resistance and Domination: Social Change in Roman Britain,”

in
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ence in the Roman Empire
, ed. D. J. Mattingly (Portsmouth, RI: Society for the

Promotion of Roman Studies, 1997), 90.

38. Hopkins, “Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire,” 123.

39. Quoted in Millet,
Romanization of Britain
, 131.

40. Ammianus Marcellinus,
Ammianus Marcellinus
, trans. John Rolfe

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958), 2:3–5.

NOTES TO PAGES 60–87 455

41. Zosimus,
Zosimus: Historia Nova
, trans. James Buchanon and Harold

Davis (San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 1967), 253.

1. Charles Morris,
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R. H. Whitten, 1904), 17–20; Colin Smith,
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711–1150
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Moorish

Spain
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and Jewish Sources
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Pennsylvania Press, 1997), 34.

2.
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3. Richard Bulliet,
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Essay in Quantitative History
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1979), 33.

4. Khalid Yahya Blankinship,
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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
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5. G. R. Hawting,
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A.D. 661–750
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Crone, “Imperial Trauma: The Case of the Arabs,”
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1 (2006): 110–12.

6. Edward Gibbon,
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,

ed. Hans-Friedrich Mueller (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 5:964.

7. Efraim Karsh,
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(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 230–31.

8. In time the followers of Ali organized themselves into the Shi’a branch

of Islam.

9. Hugh Kennedy,
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, 2nd ed.

(London: Pearson, 2004), 68–69.

10. Hagith Sivan, “On Foederati, Hospitalitas, and the Settlement of the

Goths in a.d. 41,”
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11. Jerrilynn Dodds,
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(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989), 8.

12. Hugh Kennedy,
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al-Andalus
(London: Longman, 1996), 2.

13. “The Treaty of Tudmir,” in
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, 37–38.

14. Migeul Cruz Hernandez, “The Social Structure of Al-Andalus during the Muslim Occupation and the Founding of the Umayyad Monarchy,” in

The Formation of al-Andalus: Part I, History and Society
, ed. Manuela Marin

(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), 77; Fletcher,
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15. Roger Collins,
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(New York: St. Martin’s, 1983), 176.

16. Pedro Chalmeta, “An Approximate Picture of the Economy of

al-Andalus,” in
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E. J. Brill, 1992), 755.

17. Quoted in Ann Christys,
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Surrey: Curzon Press, 2002), 15–16.

18. Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
, 37–38.

19. Thomas Glick and Oriol Pi-Sunyer, “Acculturation as an Explanatory

Concept in Spanish History,”
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(1969): 144; Pierre Guichard, “The Social History of Muslim Spain from the

Conquest to the End of the Almohad Regime, Early 8th–Early 13th Centuries,”

in Jayyusi,
Legacy of Muslim Spain
, 679.

20. Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
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of al-Andalus,” in Jayyusi,
Legacy of Muslim Spain
, 3.

21. David Wasserstein, “The Language Situation in al-Andalus,” in
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ences
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22. Bernard Reilly,
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23. Quoted in Christys,
Christians in al-Andalus
, 10.

24. Smith,
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, 45.

25. Wasserstein, “Language Situation in al-Andalus,” 12; Mikel De Epalza,

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27. Quoted in Noble David Cook,
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1520–1620
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 254.

1. Terence D’Altroy,
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Andrien,
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under Spanish Rule, 1532–1825
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,

2001), 3.

2. The exact origins of this term are unclear. It may come from a mythical tribe called the Viru or Biru or a Quechua word meaning “rich land.” John

Hemming,
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(New York: Macmillan, 1970), 24;
National

Geographic
website.

NOTES TO PAGES 114–32 457

3. Pedro Cieza de Leon,
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, ed. and

trans. Parma Cook and Noble David Cook (Durham, NC: Duke University

Press, 1998), 201–12; D’Altroy,
Incas
, 315; Hemming,
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,

33–35, 39–44.

4. John Parry and Robert Keith, eds.,
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tary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early

17th Century
, vol. 4:
The Andes
(New York: Times Books, 1984), 67.

5. Mark Burkholder and Lyman Johnson,
Colonial Latin America
, 3rd ed.

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 51–54; Henry Kamen,
Empire: How

Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003),

106–11; Cieza de Leon,
Discovery and Conquest of Peru
, 243–44.

6. John Parry and Robert Keith, eds.,
New Iberian World: A Documentary

History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early 17th

Century
, vol. 1:
The Conquerors and the Conquered
(New York: Times Books,

1984), 290.

7. Andrien,
Andean Worlds
, 114.

8. Steve Stern,
Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Con-

quest: Huamanga to 1640
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1993), 72–73.

9. Quoted in Sara Castro-Klaren, “ ‘May We Not Perish’: The Incas and

Spain,”
Wilson Quarterly
4 (1981): 171.

10. Quoted in Kamen,
Empire
, 83.

11. J. H. Elliot,
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(London: Penguin, 2002),

65; Rafael Varon Gabai and Auke Pieter Jacobs, “Peruvian Wealth and Spanish Investments: The Pizarro Family during the Sixteenth Century,”
Hispanic

American Historical Review
67 (1987): 680.

12. Burkholder and Johnson,
Colonial Latin America
, 14–18.