The rule of empires : those who built them, those who endured them, and why they always fall (91 page)

the Germans
, 47.

10. Aimé Césaire,
Discourse on Colonialism
, trans. Joan Pinkham (New York:

Monthly Review Press, 1972), 14.

11. Adolf Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944
, trans. Norman Cameron

and R. H. Stevens (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1953), 92, 319,

588–89.

NOTES TO PAGES 363–82 467

12. Heinrich Schnee,
German Colonization Past and Future: The Truth

about the German Colonies
(New York: Alfred Knopf, 1926), 105.

13. Michael Freeman,
Atlas of Nazi Germany
(New York: Macmillan, 1987),

58, 64; Klaus Fischer,
Nazi Germany: A New History
(New York: Continuum,

1995), 306–9.

14. Götz Aly,
Hitler’s Benefi ciaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Wel-

fare State
, trans. Jefferson Chase (New York: Metropolitan, 2005), 4, 39.

15. Ibid., 46–50.

16. Ibid., 39.

17. Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, trans. James Murphy (London: Hurst and

Blackett, 1939); Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 74.

18. Wolfgang Benz,
A Concise History of the Third Reich
, trans. Thomas

Dunlap (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 188–89.

19. Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton, “The Nazis and the Jews in Occupied Western Europe, 1940–1944,”
Journal of Modern History
54 (1982): 690;

Adam LeBor and Roger Boyes,
Seduced by Hitler: The Choices of a Nation and

the Ethics of Survival
(Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2000), 174–75.

20. Bob Moore, “Nazi Masters and Accommodating Dutch Bureaucrats:

Working Towards the Führer in the Occupied Netherlands, 1940–45,” in
Work-

ing towards the Führer
, ed. Anthony McElligott and Tim Kirk (Manchester:

Manchester University Press, 2003), 194–98.

21. Quoted in Mark Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe

(New York: Penguin, 2008), 164.

22. Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich: A New History
(New York: Hill and

Wang, 2000), 441–45.

23. Raphael Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation,

Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress
(Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), 60–61; Aly,
Hitler’s Benefi ciaries
, 82–93.

24. Aly,
Hitler’s Benefi ciaries
, 94–97, 103–4, 111.

25. Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
, 68–69; Fischer,
Nazi Germany
,

487.

26. Aly,
Hitler’s Benefi ciaries
, 123, 285.

27. Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
, 87; Aly,
Hitler’s Benefi ciaries
,

72, 290–91.

28. Quoted in Robert Gildea,
Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of

France during the German Occupation
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 54.

29. Quoted in Moore, “Nazi Masters and Accommodating Dutch Bureaucrats,” 194.

30. Rod Kedward,
La Vie en Bleu: France and the French Since 1900
(London:

Allen Lane, 2005), 165–66.

31. Quotes from Eugen Weber,
The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s

(New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 24; Kedward,
La Vie en Bleu
, 226.

468 NOTES TO PAGES 384–414

32. Anthony Beevor and Artemis Cooper,
Paris after the Liberation, 1944–

1949
, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin, 2004), 12; Burrin,
France under the Germans
,

87–90.

33. Aly,
Hitler’s Benefi ciaries
, 147; Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France: Old

Guard and New Order, 1940–1944
(New York: Columbia University Press,

1982), 143–44.

34. Dominique Veiling,
Fashion under the Occupation
, trans. Miriam

Kochan (Oxford: Berg, 2002), 85–86.

35. Kernan,
France on Berlin Time
, 19.

36. Gildea,
Marianne in Chains
, 3.

37. Paxton,
Vichy France
, 31.

38. Quoted in Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 422–23.

39. Quoted in Owen Anthony Davey, “The Origins of the Légion de Volontaires Français Contre le Bolchévisme,”
Journal of Contemporary History
6

(1971): 34.

40. Hitler,
Mein Kampf
.

41. Quoted in Pryce-Jones,
Paris in the Third Reich
, 160.

42. Lynne Taylor, “Collective Action in Northern France, 1940–1944,”

French History
11 (1997): 191–92; Denis Peschanski et al.,
Collaboration and

Resistance: Images of Life in Vichy France, 1940–1944
, trans. Lory Frankel

(New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000), 108; Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 417.

43. John Sweets,
Choices in Vichy France: The French under Nazi Occupa-

tion
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 12–13, 196; Gildea,
Marianne

in Chains
, 66; Burrin,
France under the Germans
, 283–85.

44. Quoted in Gildea,
Marianne in Chains
, 230–31.

45. Freeman,
Atlas of Nazi Germany
, 137.

46. Birthe Kundrus, “Forbidden Company: Romantic Relationships between

Germans and Foreigners, 1939 to 1945,”
Journal of the History of Sexuality
11

(2002): 203–6.

47. Quoted in David Littlejohn,
Foreign Legions of the Third Reich
, vol. 1:

Norway, Denmark, France
(San Jose, CA: R. James Bender, 1987), 252–53.

48. Quoted in Burrin,
France under the Germans
, 480.

49. Ibid., 140, 283–85.

50. Sweets,
Choices in Vichy France
, 27, 102; Vinen,
The Unfree French
,

368.

51. France Forever,
Fighting France Year Book 1944
, 20–22.

52. Richard Cobb,
French and Germans, Germans and French: A Per-

sonal Interpretation of France under Two Occupations, 1914–1918, 1940–1944

(Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1983), 66–67.

53. Quoted in Pryce-Jones,
Paris in the Third Reich
, 157.

54. Yann Stephan,
A Broken Sword: Policing France during the German

Occupation
(Chicago: Offi ce of International Criminal Justice, 1992), 75–77.

NOTES TO PAGES 414–26 469

55. Stephan,
Broken Sword
, 76–77.

56. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 476.

57. Laval,
Unpublished Diary of Pierre Laval
, 76.

58. Ibid., 186.

59. Quoted in Nancy Wood, “Memory on Trial in Contemporary France:

The Case of Maurice Papon,”
History and Memory
11 (1999): 42.

60. Quoted in T. O. Ranger,
Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896–97: A Study

in African Resistance
(Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967),

131.

61. Césaire,
Discourse on Colonialism
, 17–18.

Conclusion

1. White House press release, “President Discusses the Future of Iraq,”

February 26, 2003.

2. These fi gures are based on cross-checked media accounts, offi cial statistics, and morgue and hospital reports complied by the Iraq Body Count Project,

a self-described “human security project” committed to enumerating violent

civilian deaths resulting from the invasion and occupation of Iraq; www.iraqbodycount.org. For a graphic look at the perspective of American soldiers on

Iraqi casualties, see Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor,
Cobra II: The Inside

Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq
(New York: Pantheon, 2006), 382.

3. Quotes from Thomas Ricks,
Fiasco: The American Military Adventure

in Iraq
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 177–78.

4. Quoted in George Packer,
The Assassin’s Gate: America in Iraq

(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005), 200.

5. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002.

6. White House press release, “President Bush Salutes Veterans at White

House Ceremony,” November 11, 2002.

7. Niall Ferguson, “The Empire Slinks Back,”
New York Times
, April 27,

2003; Niall Ferguson, “An Empire in Denial: The Limits of U.S. Imperialism,”

Harvard International Review
, Fall 2003, 69; Deepak Lal,
In Praise of Empires:

Globalization and Order
(New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004), 210–11.

8. Michael Renner, “Post-Saddam Iraq: Linchpin of a New Oil Order,” in

The Iraq War Reader: History, Documents, and Opinions
, ed. Micah Sifry and

Christopher Cerf (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 582, 585.

9. Michael Ignatieff, “The American Empire: The Burden,”
New York

Times
, January 5, 2003.

10. Ibid.

11. Nicholas Dirks,
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of

Imperial Britain
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), xi.

470 NOTES TO PAGES 427–45

12. Noah Feldman,
What We Owe Iraq: War and the Ethics of Nation Build-

ing
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 3, 69, 71.

13. Quotes from Ahmed Hashim,
Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in

Iraq
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 22, 29.

14.
Guardian
, October 13, 2007.

15. Quoted in Elias Lyman Magoon, ed.,
Living Orators in America

(New York: Baker and Scribner), 2:334–35.

16. Quoted in Stanley Karnow,
Vietnam: A History
(New York: Penguin,

1997), 20–21.

17. Ibid., 11, 31.

18. Max Boot, “The Case for American Empire,”
Weekly Standard
, October

15, 2001, 27.

19. Quoted in Hashim,
Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq
, 13.

20. Gordon and Trainor,
Cobra II
, 366; Hashim,
Insurgency and Counter-

Insurgency in Iraq
, 12.

21. White House press release, “President Bush Announces Major Combat

Operations in Iraq Have Ended,” May 1, 2003.

22. L. Paul Bremer,
My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope

(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 185.

23. Rajiv Chandrasekaran,
Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq’s

Green Zone
(New York: Borzoi, 2006), 12, 94; T. Christian Miller,
Blood Money:

Wasted Billions, Lost Lives, and Corporate Greed in Iraq
(New York: Little,

Brown, 2006), 39; Ferguson, “Empire Slinks Back.”

24. Chandrasekaran,
Imperial Life in the Emerald City
, 14–16.

25. Stuart Bowen, “Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience,”

unoffi cial draft, December 2008, http://www.sigir.mil/hardlessons/default.aspx;

Miller,
Blood Money
, 3.

26. Miller,
Blood Money
, 72–74, 87–88, 117–18, 129.

27. Ibid., 133, 136, 157, 163–64.

28. Chandrasekaran,
Imperial Life in the Emerald City
, 139–41; Miller,

Blood Money
, 199–200.

29. Quoted in Hashim,
Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq
, 96.

30. Quoted in ibid., 20.

31. Quoted in ibid., 195.

32. Quoted in ibid., 101.

33. Ali Allawi,
The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 459.

34. Linda Bilmes and Joseph Stiglitz, “The Iraq War Will Cost Us $3 Trillion,

and Much More,”
Washington Post
, March 9, 2008; Iraq Study Group,
The Iraq

Study Group Report
(New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 3.

35. Hannah Fischer, “Iraqi Civilian Deaths Estimates,” Congressional

Research Service Report, August 27, 2008.

NOTES TO PAGES 445–46 471

36. Iraq Study Group,
Iraq Study Group Report
, 4.

37. Patrick Cockburn,
The Occupation: War and Resistance in Iraq
(London:

Verso, 2007), xvii, xix.

38. Quoted in Ricks,
Fiasco
, 17.

39. Niall Ferguson, “A War to Start All Wars,”
Atlantic Monthly
, January/

February 2007.

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Abbasid Caliphate, 77, 81–82, 90, 108

baboos, 216, 218, 225, 300, 316

Abd al-Aziz, 86–88

Bahadur Shah, 220, 224

Abd al-Rahman I, 82, 89–90

baladiyyun.
See
settlers: Arabs

Abd al-Rahman III, 93–94

barbarians, defi nition of, 11

aclla
women, 135–36, 136, 139

Batavian Republic.
See
Netherlands

Adderley, Sir Charles, 293–94, 296

Belgium, 368, 371, 375, 384

ajnad, 69, 75, 89.
See also
tribes: Arab

Bengal, 169–70

views of

Mughal rule, 184–85

Al-Andalus, 6

nawab rule, 189–90

caliphate, 93–94, 103

(
see also
Permanent Settlement)

emirate, 89–93

Berbers, 76, 78, 80, 88–89

governors’ era, 85–89, 90

Berlin Conference, 298, 301, 372

taifa era, 103, 105

Bismarck, Otto von, 298, 360–61

al-Maliki, Nouri, 443–44, 445

Black Year.
See
Italy

Almohads, 104, 106.
See also
Berbers

blitzkrieg, 352, 367

Almoravids, 104.
See also
Berbers

Blum, Léon, 381–82, 391

Alsace-Lorraine, 359, 363, 369–70,