The Sleepwalkers (109 page)

169
. Denis Diderot, ‘Composition in Painting',
Encyclopédie
, vol. 3 (1753), in Beatrix Tollemache,
Diderot's Thoughts on Art and Style
(New York, 1893–1971), pp. 25–34.

170
. Tatishchev to Nicholas II, Berlin, 28 February 1914 and 13 March 1914, GARF, Fond 601, op. 1, del 746 (2).

1
.
Pijemont
, 28 June 1914, cited in Wolf Dietrich Behschnitt,
Nationalismus bei Serben und Kroaten
,
1830–1914
(Munich, 1980), p. 132.

2
. Leon Biliński,
Wspomnienia i dokumenty
(2 vols., Warsaw, 1924–5), vol. 1, p. 282.

3
. Cited in Vladimir Dedijer,
The Road to Sarajevo
(London, 1967), p. 10.

4
. Cited in Joachim Remak,
Sarajevo. The Story of a Political Murder
(London, 1959), p. 25.

5
. Deposition by Veljko čubrilović, in J. Kohler (ed.),
Der Prozess gegen die Attentäter von Sarajevo. Nach dem amtlichen Stenogramm der Gerichtsverhandlung aktenmässig dargestellt
(Berlin, 1918), p. 72.

6
. Deposition by Cvijetko Popović, in ibid., p. 77.

7
. Deposition by Gavril Princip, in ibid., p. 30.

8
. Igelstroem (Russian consul-general in Sarajevo) to Shebeko, Sarajevo, 7 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 4, doc. 120, p. 123.

9
. Rebecca West,
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon. A Journey through Yugoslavia
(London, 1955), p. 332.

10
. Cited in Remak,
Sarajevo
, p. 131.

11
. Cited in ibid., p. 134.

12
. The recollections are those of the Yugoslav head of the Sarajevo tourist bureau, as recorded by Rebecca West when she visited the city in 1936–7, see West,
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon
, pp. 333, 350.

13
. Deposition by Oskar Potiorek, in Kohler (ed.),
Der Prozess,
pp. 156–7.

14
. Cited in Dedijer,
Road to Sarajevo
, p. 15; Rudolf Jeřábek,
Potiorek. General im Schatten von Sarajevo
(Graz, 1991), pp. 82–6.

15
. Kohler (ed.),
Der Prozess
, p. 30.

16
. Deposition by Oskar von Potiorek, in ibid., p. 157.

17
. Deposition by Franz von Harrach, in ibid., p. 159.

18
. Stefan Zweig,
Die Welt von gestern. Erinnerungen eines Europäers
(2nd edn, Hamburg, 1982), p. 251.

19
. R. J. W. Evans, ‘The Habsburg Monarchy and the Coming of War', in id. and H. Pogge von Strandmann (eds.),
The Coming of the First World War
(Oxford, 1988), pp. 33–57.

20
. Diary entry 17 September 1914 in Rosa Mayreder,
Tagebücher 1873–1936
, ed. Harriet Anderson (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), p. 145.

21
. Prince [Alfons] Clary[-Aldringen],
A European Past
, trans. Ewald Osers (London, 1978), p. 153.

22
. Diary entry 1 June 1914 in Arthur Schnitzler,
Tagebücher 1913–1916
, ed. P. M. Braunwarth, R. Miklin, S. Pertlik, W. Ruprechter and R. Urbach (Vienna, 1983), p. 117.

23
. Biliński,
Wspomnienia i dokumenty
, vol. 1, p. 276.

24
. Shebeko to Sazonov, 1 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 4, doc. 46, p. 52.

25
. Jaroslav Hašek,
The Good Soldier Å vejk
, trans. Cecil Parrott (London, 1974; repr. 2000), p. 4.

26
. Joseph Roth,
The Radetzky March
, trans. Michael Hofmann (London, 2003), p. 327.

27
. Robert A. Kann, ‘Gross-Österreich', in id.,
Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand Studien
(Munich, 1976), pp. 26–46, here p. 31.

28
. Count Ottokar Czernin,
In the World War
(London, 1919), p. 36.

29
. Rudolf Kiszling,
Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este. Leben, Pläne und Wirken am Schicksalsweg der Donaumonarchie
(Graz, 1953), pp. 49–50.

30
. Robert Hoffmann,
Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und der Fortschritt. Altstadterhaltung und bürgerliche Modernisierungswille in Salzburg
(Vienna, 1994), pp. 94–5.

31
. Diary entries 28 June and 24 September 1914, in Schnitzler,
Tagebücher
, pp. 123, 138.

32
. See Bernd Sösemann, ‘Die Bereitschaft zum Krieg. Sarajevo 1914', in Alexander Demandt (ed.),
Das Attentat in der Geschichte
(Cologne, 1996), pp. 295–320.

33
. Djordjević to Pašić, Constantinople, 30 June 1914, AS, MID – PO, 411, fos. 744–8, here fos. 744–5.

34
. Shebeko to Sazonov, 1 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 4, doc. 47, p. 53.

35
. See, for example, ‘Die Ermordung des Thronfolgerpaares', in
Prager Tagblatt
, 29 June 1914, 2nd Extra-Ausgabe, p. 1; ‘Ermordung des Thronfolgerpaares', in
Innsbrucker Nachrichten
, 29 June 1914, p. 2; ‘Die erste Nachricht', ‘Das erste Attentat', ‘Das tödliche Attentat', in
Pester Lloyd
, 29 June 1914, p. 2; ‘Die letzten Worte des Erzherzogs', in
Vorarlberger Volksblatt
, 1 July 1914, p. 2.

36
. ‘Franz Ferdinand über Seine Ehe', in
Die Reichspost
, 30 June 1914, afternoon edition, p. 4.

37
. Karl Kraus, ‘Franz Ferdinand und die Talente',
Die Fackel
, 10 July 1914, pp. 1–4.

38
. See, for example, ‘Nichtamtlicher Teil', in
Wiener Zeitung
, 29 June 1914, p. 2.

39
. ‘Ermordung des Thronfolgerpaares', in
Innsbrucker Nachrichten
, 29 June 1914, p. 1; ‘Die Ermordung des Thronfolgers und seiner Gemahlin', in
Die Reichspost
, 29 June 1914, p. 1; on the archduke as carrier of the Habsburg future, see also, ‘Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand. Das Standrecht in Sarajevo', in
Neue Freie Presse
, 30 June 1914, p. 1.

40
. Józef Galántai,
Hungary in the First World War
(Budapest, 1989), pp. 26–7.

41
. Franz Kafka,
Tagebücher
, ed. Hans-Gerhard Koch, Michael Müller and Malcolm Pasley (Frankfurt am Main, 1990), p. 543.

42
. Cited in Remak,
Sarajevo
, p. 183.

43
. Ibid., p. 186.

44
. Potiorek to Biliński, Sarajevo, 29 June 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 9947, pp. 213–14, here p. 214.

45
. Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, trans. Isabella M. Massey (3 vols. Oxford, 1953), vol. 2, pp. 55, 97–8.

46
. Remak,
Sarajevo
, pp. 194–6, 198.

47
. Potiorek to Biliński, Sarajevo, 28 June 1914; Potiorek to Biliński, Sarajevo, 28 June 1914; Potiorek to Biliński, Sarajevo, 29 June 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, docs. 9939, 9940, and 9947, pp. 208, 209, 213–14; on Potiorek's need to assuage his possibly unconscious feelings of guilt in connection with the murders by ordering the arrest of all supposedly suspect Serbs in Bosnia, see Jeřábek,
Potiorek
, p. 88.

48
. Wilhelm Ritter von Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 29 June 1914; Wilhelm Ritter von Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 29 June 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, docs. 9941, 9943, pp. 209–10, 210–12.

49
. Potiorek to Krobatin, Sarajevo, 29 June 1914, ibid., doc. 9948, p. 214; on Potiorek's insistence on Belgrade's complicity in the crime, see also Roberto Segre,
Vienna e Belgrado 1876–1914
(Milan, [1935]), p. 48.

50
. Wilhelm Ritter von Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 29 June 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 9943, pp. 210–12.

51
. Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 29 June 1914, ibid., doc. 9943, pp. 210–12.

52
. Heinrich Jehlitschka to MFA Vienna, telegram, Üsküb, 1 July 1914, ibid., doc. 9972, pp. 237–40, here p. 239.

53
. Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 30 June 1914, ibid., doc. 9951, pp. 218– 19. Similar reports were sent from other parts of Serbia: see, for example, Report of the consulate manager Josef Umlauf in Mitrovica, 5 July 1914, ibid., doc. 10064, pp. 311–12.

54
. Attachments to Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 1 July 1914, ibid., doc. 9964, pp. 232–4; pamphlet published by Straza on 30 June, HHStA, PA I, Liasse Krieg, 810, fo. 78.

55
. In fact the ‘warning' was couched in vague generalities, no details of the plot were provided and Jovanović spoke to Biliński, not to Berchtold; transcript from
Stampa
, 30 June 1914, ibid., fo. 24.

56
. Jovanović (Serbian minister in Vienna) to Pašić, Vienna, 1 July 1914; see also same to same, Vienna, 6 July 1914, AS, MID – PO, 411, fos. 659, 775.

57
. Djordjević (Serbian minister in Constantinople) to Pašić, Constantinople, 29 June 1914. Djordjević reported that the Romanian minister in Constantinople had warned that the Serbian press should be careful ‘not to celebrate this act, but to condemn [it]'; Djordjević disagreed and urged Pašić to aim for a tone of ‘dignified reserve'; Vesnić to Pašić, Paris, 1 July 1914, ibid., 411, fos. 662, 710.

58
. Mark Cornwall, ‘Serbia', in Keith M. Wilson (ed.),
Decisions for War 1914
(London, 1995), pp. 55–96, here p. 62.

59
. On Pašić's denial, see Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 99; Djordje Stanković,
Nikola Pašić, saveznivi i stvaranje Jugoslavije
(Zajecar, 1995), p. 40.

60
. See report Czernin (Austro-Hungarian minister in St Petersburg) to MFA Vienna, St Petersburg, 3 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10017, pp. 282–3; full transcript of the article in
Vecherneye Vremya
, 29 June 1914, ibid., doc. 10017, pp. 283–4.

61
. Szapáry to MFA Vienna, St Petersburg, 21 July 1914, ibid., doc. 10461, pp. 567–8.

62
. Consul-General Heinrich Jehlitschka to MFA Vienna, telegram, Üsküb, 1 July 1914, ibid., doc. 9972, pp. 237–40, here p. 239.

63
. Pašić to all Serbian legations, Belgrade, 1 July 1914; Pašić to all Serbian legations, Belgrade, 14 July 1914, in
DSP
, vol. 7/1, docs. 299, 415.

64
. Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 3 July 1914; Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 3 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, docs. 10000, 10004, pp. 274, 276.

65
. Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 30 June 1914, ibid., doc. 9950, p. 218.

66
.
Neue Freie Presse
, 7 July 1914 (no. 17911), p. 4, col. 1.

67
. Cornwall, ‘Serbia', passim.

68
. On the policy of haughty silence, see, for example, Hartwig to Sazonov, 9 July 1914,
IBZI
, series 3, vol. 4, doc. 148, p. 147.

69
. Storck to MFA Vienna, Belgrade, 30 June 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 9951, pp. 218–19.

70
. Hugo Hantsch,
Leopold Graf Berchtold
.
Grandseigneur und Staatsmann
, (2 vols., Graz, 1963), vol. 2, p. 557.

71
. Cited in ibid., p. 558.

72
. Ibid., p. 559.

73
. Biliński,
Wspomnienia i dokumenty
, vol. 1, p. 238.

74
. See for example, Biliński to Potiorek, Vienna, 30 June and 3 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, docs. 9962, 10029, pp. 227–31, 289–91.

75
. See the account of the meeting of 13 October 1913 in Conrad von Hötzendorf,
Aus meiner Dienstzeit
,
1906–1918
(5 vols., Vienna, 1921–5), vol. 3, pp. 464–6.

76
. John Leslie, ‘The Antecedents of Austria-Hungary's War Aims. Policies and Policy-makers in Vienna and Budapest before and during 1914', in Elisabeth Springer and Leopold Kammerhold (eds.),
Archiv und Forschung. Das Haus-Hof und Staatsarchiv in seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte Österreichs und Europas
(Vienna, 1993) pp. 366–7.

77
. Biliński,
Wspomnienia i dokumenty
, vol. 1, p. 277.

78
. N. Shebeko,
Souvenirs
.
Essai historique sur les origins de la guerre de 1914
(Paris, 1936), p. 185.

79
. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, Vienna, 30 June, in
DD
, vol. 1, doc. 7, pp. 10–11.

80
. On Musulin's motivations, see the memoir composed by Count Alexander Hoyos and transcribed in Fritz Fellner, ‘Die Mission “Hoyos”', in id.,
Vom Dreibund zum Völkerbund. Studien zur Geschichte der internationalen Beziehungen 1882–1919
, ed. H. Maschl and B. Mazohl-Wallnig (Vienna, 1994), pp. 112–41, here p. 135.

81
. Leslie,
Antecedents
, p. 378 (quotation: Szapáry to Berchtold, 19 November 1912).

82
. Joseph Redlich, diary entry 24 July 1914, in Fritz Fellner (ed).,
Schicksalsjahre Österreichs, 1908–1919: Das politische Tagebuch Josef Redlichs
, (2 vols., Graz, 1953–4), vol. 1, p. 239.

83
. Berchtold, ‘Die ersten Tage nach dem Attentat vom 28. Juni', cited in Hantsch,
Berchtold
, vol. 2, p. 552.

84
. Ambassador Mérey (Rome) to his father, 5 May 1914, cited in Fellner, ‘Die Mission “Hoyos”', p. 119.

85
. See R. A. Kann,
Kaiser Franz Joseph und der Ausbruch des Krieges
(Vienna, 1971), p. 11, citing a newspaper interview with Biliński; William Jannen, ‘The Austro-Hungarian Decision for War in July 1914', in Samuel R. Williamson and Peter Pastor (eds.),
Essays on World War I: Origins and Prisoners of War
(New York, 1983), pp. 55–81, esp. p. 72.

86
. This comment was supposedly reported to Margutti by the Emperor's aidede-camp, General Count Paar, see [Albert Alexander] Baron von Margutti,
The Emperor Francis Joseph and His Times
(London, [1921]), pp. 138–9.

87
. Berchtold's memoirs, cited in Hantsch,
Berchtold
, vol. 2, pp. 559–60.

88
. Tisza, memorandum to Emperor Franz Joseph, Budapest, 1 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 9978, pp. 248–9.

89
. Günther Kronenbitter,
Krieg in Frieden'. Die Führung der k.u.k. Armee und die Grossmachtpolitik Österreich-Ungarns 1906–1914
(Munich, 2003), pp. 465–6; Segre,
Vienna e Belgrado
, p. 49; Sidney Bradshaw Fay,
The Origins of the First World War
(2 vols., New York), vol. 2, pp. 224–36.

90
. Berchtold's memoirs, cited in Hantsch,
Berchtold
, vol. 2, pp. 560, 561.

91
. Conrad,
Aus meiner Dienstzeit
, vol. 4, p. 34; Samuel R. Williamson,
Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War
(Houndmills, 1991), pp. 199–200.

92
. Notes by Hoyos on conversation with Naumann, 1 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 9966, pp. 235–6; also Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, pp. 129–30; Dieter Hoffmann,
Der Sprung ins Dunkle: Oder wie der
1
. Weltkrieg entfesselt wurde
(Leipzig, 2010), pp. 181–2; Fritz Fischer,
War of Illusions
.
German Policies from 1911 to 1914
, trans. Marian Jackson (London, 1975), p. 473.

93
. Cited Albertini,
Origins
, vol. 2, p. 138.

94
. Szögyényi to Berchtold, Berlin, 4 July 1914,
ÖUAP
, vol. 8, doc. 10039, p. 295.