The Transformation of the World (207 page)

114
. Briggs,
Victorian Cities
, p. 96. As Briggs shows, after 1851 scarcely anyone got worked up about Manchester any more (p. 112).

115
. Girouard,
English Town
, pp. 249f., 253f.

116
. On the perception of Manchester, see Lees,
Cities Perceived
, pp. 63–68; cf. 49–51 (praise for Manchester).

117
. Bairoch,
Cities and Economic Development
, p. 254 (Tab. 15.1).

118
. See Konvitz,
Urban Millennium
, pp. 98f.

119
. Lichtenberger,
Die Stadt
, pp. 41, 43.

120
. See Dennis,
English Industrial Cities
, pp. 17f.

121
. Jürgen Reulecke, “The Ruhr: Centralization versus Decentralization in a Region of Cities,” in: Sutcliffe,
Metropolis
, pp. 381–401, at 386.

122
. Hohenberg and Lees,
Urban Europe
, pp. 188ff, 213, 234.

123
. Barrie Trinder, “Industrialising Towns 1700–1840,” in: P. Clark,
Cambridge Urban History
, vol. 2, pp. 805–829; David Reeder and Richard Rodger, “Industrialisation and the City Economy,” in: ibid., vol. 3, pp. 553–592, at 585ff. On Lancashire as an innovative milieu, see the eloquent discussion in P. Hall,
Cities in Civilization
, pp. 314f., 334ff.

124
. Goehrke,
Russischer Alltag
, pp. 292ff. Positive side: on the industrialist Carl Scheibler in Lodz, see Pietrow-Ennker,
Wirtschaftsbürger
, 2005, p. 187; Shao Qin,
Culturing Modernity
.

125
. Lepetit,
Les villes
, p. 123,

126
. Lis,
Social Change
, pp. 27ff. The conversion was preceded by a false start in the machine-based textile industry.

127
. See F. W. Knight and Liss,
Atlantic Port Cities
, especially Barry Higman's contribution on Jamaica (pp. 117–48).

128
. L. Ray Gunn, “Antebellum Society and Politics (1825–1860),” in: M. M. Klein,
Empire State
, pp. 307–415, at 319.

129
. Fernández-Armesto,
Civilizations
, pp. 381–84.

130
. Konvitz,
Cities and the Sea
, p. 36.

131
. Corbin,
Lure of the Sea
; Girouard,
English Town
, p. 152.

132
. Kreiser,
Istanbul
, pp. 218–25.

133
. Amino,
Les Japonais et la mer
, p. 235.

134
. Recent exceptions are two valuable collections on Asian port cities edited by Frank Boeze:
Brides
and
Gateways
.

135
. Friel,
Maritime History
, p. 198.

136
. Hugill,
World Trade
, p. 137.

137
. Borruey,
Marseille
, pp. 5, 10, passim.

138
. Dyos and Aldcroft,
British Transport
, p. 247.

139
. Konvitz,
Urban Millennium
, p. 65; R. Porter,
London
, pp. 188f. There is a superbly detailed account of the old London docklands in Bird,
Major Seaports
, pp. 366–90.

140
. Grüttner,
Arbeitswelt
, p. 19.

141
. Dossal,
Imperial Designs
, p. 172; Ruble,
Second Metropolis
, pp. 222–26, esp. 222; Abeyasekere,
Jakarta
, pp. 48, 82; Chiu,
Port of Hong Kong
, p. 425.

142
. Bourdé,
Urbanisation
, pp. 56–60.

143
. Worden et al.,
Cape Town
, p. 166; Bickford-Smith et al.,
Cape Town
, p. 26.

144
. Bergère,
Shanghai
, pp. 52–54.

145
. John Butt, “The Industries of Glasgow,” in: W. H. Fraser and Maver,
Glasgow
, vol. 2, pp. 96–140, at 112ff.

146
. As in a famous essay: J. M. Price,
Economic Function
.

147
. Robert Lee and Richard Lawton, “Port Development and the Demographic Dynamics of European Urbanization,” in: idem,
Population and Society
, pp. 1–36, at 17. On the important concept of “casual labour,” see Phillips and Whiteside,
Casual Labour
.

148
. Excellent on this is: Linda Cooke Johnson, “Dock Labour at Shanghai,” in: S. Davies,
Dock Workers
, pp. 269–89.

149
. Marina Cattaruzza, “Population Dynamics and Economic Change in Trieste and Its Hinterland, 1850–1914,” in Lawton and Lee,
Population and Society
, pp. 176–211, at 176–78; Herlihy,
Odessa
, pp. 24ff., 248ff.

150
. Panzac,
Barbary Corsairs
, p. 270.

151
. Auslin,
Negotiating with Imperialism
, p. 97: 1,500 Japanese fatalities against 18 British. Four years previously the French had burned Saigon to the ground—an unprovoked act of vandalism. And earlier still, Napoleon's troops had committed similar depredations in Spanish cities (although Madrid itself was spared).

152
. Robert Lee and Richard Lawton, “Port Development and Demographic Dynamics of European Urbanization,” in: idem,
Population and Society
, pp. 1–36, at 3.

153
. Josef W. Konvitz, “Port Functions, Innovation and Making of the Megalopolis,” in: T. Barker and Sutcliffe,
Megalopolis
, pp. 61–72, at 64f.

154
. On the following, see also Lees and Lees,
Cities
, pp. 244–80; a different take on the same subject: Thomas R. Metcalf, “Colonial Cities,” in: P. Clark,
Oxford Handbook of Cities
, pp. 753–69.

155
. Doeppers,
Philippine Cities
, pp. 778, 785.

156
. See the illustrated volume: Losty,
Calcutta
. On the background: P. J. Marshall, “Eighteenth-Century Calcutta,” in: R. Ross and Telkamp,
Colonial Cities
, pp. 87–104.

157
. See Raymond F. Betts, “Dakar: Ville impériale (1857–1960),” in: ibid., pp. 193–206.

158
. Whelan,
Reinventing Modern Dublin
, pp. 38, 53, 92f.

159
. Irving,
Indian Summer
, p. 42; on hybrid architecture in India see also Chopra,
A Joint Enterprise
, pp. 31–72.

160
. Papin,
Hanoi
, pp. 233–46; Logan,
Hanoi
, pp. 72, 76f. 81, 89; G. Wright,
Politics of Design
, pp. 83, 162, 179.

161
. Papin,
Hanoi
, p. 251.

162
. Of a whole number of attempted definitions, the most useful is still that in A. D. King,
Colonial Urban Development
, pp. 18, 23–26, 33f., and—despite its scholastic overcomplexity—in idem,
Global Cities
, pp. 39–49. Cf. the skeptical view of generalizations in Franz-Joseph Post, “Europäische Kolonialstädte in vergleichender Perspektive,” in: Gründer and Johanek,
Kolonialstädte
, pp. 1–25. A good overall account in unexpected areas: Beinart and Hughes,
Environment and Empire
, pp. 148–66.

163
. E. Jones,
Metropolis
, pp. 17f.

164
. Hamm,
City in Late Imperial Russia
, p. 135; Bled,
Wien
, p. 178. Other capital cities under military occupation: Mexico City 1847–48, Budapest 1849–52, Beijing 1900–1902.

165
. Häfner,
Gesellschaft
, pp. 75f.

166
. Mantran,
Istanbul
, p. 302.

167
. See the exemplary analysis of Salonica in Anastassiadou,
Salonique
, pp. 58–75; and the fundamental work: Raymond,
Grandes villes arabes
, pp. 101ff., 133 ff., 175 ff., 295 ff.

168
. Dalrymple,
Last Mughal
, pp. 454–64, on the destruction.

169
. N. Gupta,
Delhi
, pp. 15, 17, 58–60.

170
. Kosambi,
Bombay
, pp. 38, 43, 44.

171
. Lichtenberger,
Die Stadt
, pp. 240ff.

172
. On the difficulty of distinguishing ethnic from social segregation, with reference to the Irish in Victorian cities, see: Dennis,
English Industrial Cities
, pp. 221–33.

173
. Jacobson,
Whiteness of a Different Color
.

174
. Bronger,
Metropolen
, p. 174 (Tab. 19: Megacities), p. 191 (Tab. 55: Global cities).

175
. W. J. Gardner, “A Colonial Economy,” in: Oliver,
Oxford History of New Zealand
, pp. 57–86, at 67.

176
. On the significance of this “agency system,” see, e.g., Davison,
Marvellous Melbourne
, p. 22.

177
. For greater detail on the treaty ports, see the articles Jürgen Osterhammel, “Konzessionen und Niederlassungen,” “Pachtgebiete,” and “Vertragshäfen,” in: Staiger et al.,
China-Lexikon
, pp. 394–97, 551–53, 804–8. Similar regulations applied with Siam, Morocco, and the Ottoman Empire.

178
. For a case study of a modern variant of such a port of trade in Morocco, see Schroeter,
Merchants of Essaouira
. However, Essaouira is reminiscent not so much of the post-1842 treaty ports in China (which Schroeter has in mind) as of the Old China Trade (that is, late-eighteenth-century Canton).

179
. Osterhammel,
China
: e.g., pp. 167, 176f.

180
. See Hoare,
Japan's Treaty Ports
; and Henning,
Outposts of Civilization
.

181
. The standard work: Bergère,
Shanghai
. There is no Western monograph on Tianjin, but see the detailed study in Chinese: Shang Keqiang and Liu Haiyan,
Tianjin
.

182
. Schinz,
Cities in China
, p. 171.

183
. Several examples in Esherick,
Remaking the Chinese City
, and a detailed case study: Zhang Hailin,
Suzhou
.

184
. Raymond,
Cairo
, pp. 299–308; cf. Fahmy,
Olfactory Tale
.

185
. Raymond,
Cairo
, p. 309.

186
. Abu-Lughod,
Cairo
, pp. 98, 104–6.

187
. Fahmy,
Olfactory Tale
, pp. 166–69.

188
. Raymond,
Cairo
, pp. 309–17. T. Mitchell,
Colonising Egypt
puts forward the interesting, if somewhat overdrawn, thesis of an Egyptian self-colonization.

189
. Kassir,
Beirut
, pp. 129ff.; Çelik,
Remaking of Istanbul
, esp. chs. 3 and 5; Eldem et al.,
Ottoman City
, pp. 196ff.; Seidensticker,
Low City
. “Chicago/Melbourne” was an observation of the English globetrotter Isabella Bird, quoted on p. 60; M. E. Robinson,
Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey
, p. 8.

190
. For Morocco see Abu-Lughod,
Rabat
, pp. 32, 98f.

191
. Coquery-Vidrovitch,
History of African Cities
, pp. 242–44. On developments in East Africa, see ibid., pp. 213–14.

192
. The following is based on Rowe's monumental
Hankow
, one of the milestones of the social history of China.

193
. On the economic rise of Hong Kong, see the excellent work: D. R. Meyer,
Hong Kong
, chs. 4–5. On the political and social aspects of its colonial status: Tsang,
Hong Kong
, chs. 2, 4 and 5.

194
. Rowe,
Hankow
, vol. 1, pp. 19, 23.

195
. Gruzinski,
Mexico
, pp. 326, 329, 332.

196
. See David Atkinson et al., “Empire in Modern Rome: Shaping and Remembering an Imperial City,” in: Driver and Gilbert,
Imperial Cities
, pp. 40–63.

197
. Port,
Imperial London
, pp. 7, 14f., 17, 19, 23.

198
. Schneer,
London 1900
, esp. ch. 3.

199
. Abu-Lughod,
Cairo
, p. 85.

200
. Abu-Lughod,
Rabat
, p. 117.

201
. Lichtenberger,
Die Stadt
, p. 153.

202
. The following draws on ibid., pp. 154f.

203
. Chartier et al.,
La ville des temps modernes
, p. 563.

204
. Michel,
Prague
, p. 202.

205
. Woud,
Het lege land
, pp. 324–28.

206
. Sarasin,
Stadt der Bürger
, pp. 247f.

207
. Lichtenberger,
Die Stadt
, p. 154.

208
. Olsen,
City
, p. 69.

209
. Lavedan,
Histoire de l'urbanisme à Paris
, pp. 376, 494; and, with an even sharper sense for spatial design, Rouleau,
Paris
, pp. 316ff.

210
. Catherine B. Asher, “Delhi Walled: Changing Boundaries,” in: Tracy,
City Walls
, pp. 247–81, at 279f.; N. Gupta,
Delhi
, p. 79.

211
. Steinhardt,
Chinese Imperial City Planning
, pp. 178f.; Naquin,
Peking
, pp. 4–11.

212
. L. C. Johnson,
Shanghai
, pp. 81, 320.

213
. If a city decided to skip the railroad age, it was relatively easy to open new gates in the city wall for automobile traffic, as in the western Chinese city of Lanzhou in the 1930s. See Gaubatz,
Beyond the Great Wall
, p. 53.

214
. Carla Giovannini, “Italy,” in: R. Rodger,
European Urban History
, pp. 19–35, at 32.

215
. An excellent account is: Pounds,
Historical Geography
, pp. 449–61. On the prerequisites of a “system,” see F. Caron,
Histoire des chemins de fer en France
, vol. 1, p. 281; and on the technical aspects, W. König and Weber,
Netzwerke
, pp. 171–201.