The Transformation of the World (261 page)

Hungary,
12
,
55
,
137
,
143
,
185
,
192
,
406
,
407
,
417
,
434
–
35
,
465
,
545
,
691
,
823
,
867

See also
Austria-Hungary

Huntington, Samuel P.,
86

Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck,
265

Husain, Ahmad al-, Bey of Tunisia,
629
,
849

Hutcheson, Francis,
539

Huxley, Thomas H.,
780
,
897

hybridity,
96
,
103
,
238
,
286
,
320
,
323
–
24
,
326
–
27
,
358
,
464
,
749

pidgins and linguistic,
785
–
87

Hyderabad,
207
,
726
,
796
–
97

hydraulic engineering,
199
–
200
,
389
–
90
,
653

canal construction,
97
,
164
,
199
,
260
–
61
,
277
,
292
,
401
,
478
,
501
,
689
–
92
,
711
–
12
,
714
,
728
,
741
–
42

land reclamation in Netherlands,
389
–
90

Ibn Khaldun,
357

Iceland,
243

idealism,
62
,
799

identity

diaspora and,
108
–
10

imperialism and construction of,
464
–
65

İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin,
808

Ilg, Alfred,
485

“immigration society,”
129

imperialism,
4
,
910

abandonment of imperial centers,
417
–
19

aristocracies and,
754

and borders,
113

businesses as empires,
444
–
45

civilizing missions and,
827
–
29
,
836
,
891

and collaboration with indigenous elites,
367
–
68
,
426
,
427
–
28
,
436
–
37
,
462
,
464
,
465
,
577
–
78
,
830
,
888
–
89

colonialism without,
441
–
43

as commercial enterprise,
827

contrasted with colonialism,
442
–
43

core/periphery relationship and,
462
–
63
,
465
–
66

cultural,
913
–
14

emancipation and,
917

empires as political units,
392
–
93

European system of states and,
396
–
99
,
432
–
34
,
469
–
75
,
493
–
94

frontiers and,
358
–
62

Great Powers and,
392
–
403

identities and,
464

indigenous political authority and,
462
,
466
,
479
–
80

international relations and,
393
–
96

language and,
462
–
63

“martial races” and,
367
,
553

microbe shocks and,
125
–
26

“new” or “high,”
64
–
65

origins of,
59

population and,
118
–
20

power and,
119

and pre-existing economic circuits,
463

“private,”
443
–
45

resistance to (
See
resistance to colonialism or imperialism
)

secondary empires and,
445
–
48

social hierarchies and,
463
–
64

sociology and critiques of,
25

violence and imperial expansion,
461
–
62

voluntary subjegation and,
444

See also
specific empires

Imperial Maritime Customs (IMC),
228
,
610
–
11

imperial pioneers,
80

Inagaki Manjirō,
98

inclusion/exclusion, frontiers and exclusion,
332

income,
168
–
70
,
908

See also
wages

indentured service,
155
,
158
–
64
,
698
,
706
–
8
,
850

India

agriculture in,
199
,
208
,
212
,
215
,
379
,
678
–
80

anti-colonialism in,
503
–
4
,
521
,
598
(
See also
Great Rebellion
under this heading
)

as autonomous state,
599

as base for British domination of Orient,
97
,
103

British conquest of,
54
,
57
,
59
,
400
,
419
–
20
,
432
,
433
,
479
,
678
–
80
,
843

British military rule and,
97
–
98
,
130

British monarchy and,
501
,
587

bureaucracy in,
608
–
10
,
760

capital exports to,
64

caste and social classes in,
748
,
754
–
56
,
764
,
768

castes and social classes,
597
–
98

cities and urbanization in,
315
,
318
–
19

communication technology in,
553
,
711
,
721
–
23

constitutional government in,
599

currency in,
732
–
33

disease outbreaks in,
126
,
182
,
186
,
188
–
93

as economic asset of British empire,
456
–
57

education and literacy in,
32
–
33
,
463
,
796
–
97

famine in,
40
,
126
,
159
,
206
–
8
,
678

frontiers in,
113
,
328
,
457

game hunting in,
383
–
84

Gandhi and Indian freedom movement,
465
,
509

GDP in,
169
,
170

geography in,
81
,
105
,
106

Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny),
33
,
159
,
312
,
522
,
543
,
551
–
54
,
609
,
616
,
754
–
55
,
831
,
860
,
888

hydraulic engineering in,
199

as independent nation-state,
421
,
443

Indian National Congress and pursuit of reforms in,
66

industrialization in,
640
,
643
,
646
,
648
,
650
–
51
,
660
–
64
,
688

international trade,
212
,
713
,
732
–
33

justice and law enforcement in,
620
–
21

labor in,
678
–
80

labor migration from,
154
,
159
–
60
,
162
,
165

maharajahs and other local rulers of,
383
,
448
,
479
,
581
,
592
,
755

merchant class in,
222

migratory peoples in,
147

military traditions in,
616
–
17

Mogul Empire in,
59
,
420

nationalism in,
421
,
599

natural resources in,
379
,
383
–
85
,
655
,
657

newspapers in,
32
–
33
,
34
,
38

ordering of space in,
106

per Capita GDP in,
169

population in,
27
,
118
,
120
–
21
,
123

public health in,
176

race theories (British) in,
27
,
147
,
160

railroads in,
300
–
302
,
379
,
381
,
718
–
19

rationalized ordering of space in,
105

as region,
196

religion in,
553

sepoys
(troops) enlisted in,
97
,
130
,
427
–
28
,
488
,
552
–
54
,
616
–
17

Sikh state in Punjab,
448

silver-opium economy and,
732
–
33

social classes in,
765

urbanization in,
257
,
259
–
60
,
263
,
270
(
See also
Calcutta
;
New Delhi
)

Westernization in,
235
,
237
–
38

western knowledge of,
18
,
40

Zamindars of Bengal,
755
–
56

Indian Civil Service (ICS),
286
,
608
–
9

Indian Mutiny,
33
,
159
,
312
,
522
,
543
,
551
–
54
,
609
,
616
,
754
–
55
,
831
,
860
,
888

Indian Ocean,
97
–
98

as space of interaction,
96
–
98

trade economies and,
98

Indians, American.
See
American Indians
;
South American Indians

indigenous peoples

aboriginal rights,
324
,
373

Australian aborigines,
125

collaboration with imperial systems,
367
–
68
,
462
,
464
,
577
–
78

colonialism and population disasters among,
124

ethnic cleansing and,
140
–
41

extermination of,
127

as labor pool,
127

land rights of,
345
–
46

“microbe shocks” and population disasters among,
125

political authority of,
462
,
466

resistance and,
334
,
339
–
40

subordination of,
324

See also
specific

indirect rule,
113
,
341
–
42
,
359
,
420
,
422
,
462
,
468
,
581
–
82
,
834

individualism,
20

Indochina

French in,
6
,
57
–
58
,
182
,
285
,
401
,
437
–
38
,
440
,
480
,
796
,
887
,
909

See also
Burma
;
Cambodia
;
Laos
;
Siam
;
Singapore
;
Vietnam

Indonesia,
781

British in,
54

disease epidemics in,
188

Dutch in,
20
,
89
,
130
,
153
–
54
,
295
–
96
,
378
–
79
,
420
,
429
,
442
–
43
,
781
,
801
,
844

education and literacy in,
796
,
801

famine following eruption of Tambora,
198
–
99

labor migration in,
161

nationalism in,
770

natural resources in,
378
–
79
,
384
,
658

population of,
120

religion in,
895
,
898
–
99

shipbuilding in,
686

See also
Java
;
Sumatra

industrialization,
903

anxiety regarding,
823