The Vikings (64 page)
Authors: Robert Ferguson
21
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 72).
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 72).
24
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 83).
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 83).
30
. On stylistic grounds it has been argued that Snorri Sturluson was the author. See
The Sagas of Icelanders
, ed. Jane Smiley (London 2000: 7).
. On stylistic grounds it has been argued that Snorri Sturluson was the author. See
The Sagas of Icelanders
, ed. Jane Smiley (London 2000: 7).
32
.
Egil’s Saga
trans. and ed. by Christine Fell (London 1975: 76-8). The ‘King Olaf’ of the saga is not to be confused with the later kings of Norway Olaf Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson.
.
Egil’s Saga
trans. and ed. by Christine Fell (London 1975: 76-8). The ‘King Olaf’ of the saga is not to be confused with the later kings of Norway Olaf Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson.
33
. ibid., p. 73.
. ibid., p. 73.
35
. ‘The Saga of the People of Vatnsdal’, trans. Andrew Wawn, in
The Sagas of Icelanders
, op. cit., p. 243.
. ‘The Saga of the People of Vatnsdal’, trans. Andrew Wawn, in
The Sagas of Icelanders
, op. cit., p. 243.
36
. For a description of the terms of the Lesser Outlawry see pp. 280-81.
. For a description of the terms of the Lesser Outlawry see pp. 280-81.
37
. ‘Monstrous allegations: an exchange of ýki in Bjarnar saga Hítdoela kappa’, by Alison Finlay, in
alvíssmál
, 10 (2001: 21).
. ‘Monstrous allegations: an exchange of ýki in Bjarnar saga Hítdoela kappa’, by Alison Finlay, in
alvíssmál
, 10 (2001: 21).
39
. ibid., p. 15.
. ibid., p. 15.
40
. Preben Meulengracht Sørensen suggested that the threat may be one of castration, in
Norrønt Nid. Forestillingen om den umandige mand i de islandske sagaer
(Odense 1980: 102).
. Preben Meulengracht Sørensen suggested that the threat may be one of castration, in
Norrønt Nid. Forestillingen om den umandige mand i de islandske sagaer
(Odense 1980: 102).
41
. For a good general survey, see ‘In the steps of the Vikings’, by Gillian Fellows-Jensen, in
Viking and the Danelaw: Select papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress
, op. cit.
. For a good general survey, see ‘In the steps of the Vikings’, by Gillian Fellows-Jensen, in
Viking and the Danelaw: Select papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress
, op. cit.
43
. ibid., p. 10.
. ibid., p. 10.
44
. ibid., p. 11.
. ibid., p. 11.
45
. W. H. F. Nicolaisen, quoted in ibid., p. 210.
. W. H. F. Nicolaisen, quoted in ibid., p. 210.
46
. ‘In the steps of the Vikings’, op. cit., p. 284.
. ‘In the steps of the Vikings’, op. cit., p. 284.
47
. ibid., p. 283.
. ibid., p. 283.
51
. ‘In the steps of the Vikings’, op. cit., p. 280.
. ‘In the steps of the Vikings’, op. cit., p. 280.
52
. ‘Norse in the British Isles’, by Michael Barnes, in
Viking Revaluations
, ed. Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins (London 1993: 69).
. ‘Norse in the British Isles’, by Michael Barnes, in
Viking Revaluations
, ed. Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins (London 1993: 69).
53
. ‘Settlement and Acculturation’, by David Griffiths, in
Land, Sea and Home
, ed. John Hines, Alan Lane and Mark Redknap (Leeds 2004: 133).
. ‘Settlement and Acculturation’, by David Griffiths, in
Land, Sea and Home
, ed. John Hines, Alan Lane and Mark Redknap (Leeds 2004: 133).
54
. ‘Defining the Danelaw’, op. cit., p. 7.
. ‘Defining the Danelaw’, op. cit., p. 7.
56
. ibid., p. 4.
. ibid., p. 4.
60
. ‘Defining the Danelaw’, op. cit., p. 3.
. ‘Defining the Danelaw’, op. cit., p. 3.
62
. ibid., p. 435.
. ibid., p. 435.
63
. C. Neff, quoted in ‘Defining the Danelaw’, op. cit., p. 3.
CHAPTER 12 WHEN ALLAH MET ODIN. C. Neff, quoted in ‘Defining the Danelaw’, op. cit., p. 3.
2
. ibid., p. 111.
. ibid., p. 111.
3
. ibid., p. 100.
. ibid., p. 100.
5
. ‘Al-Madjus’, by Arne Melvinger, in
The Encyclopedia of Islam
, vol. 5, ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat (Leiden 1986: 1118).
6
.
Les premières incursions des Vikings en Occident d’après les sources arabes
, by Arne Melvinger (Uppsala 1955: 44).
. ‘Al-Madjus’, by Arne Melvinger, in
The Encyclopedia of Islam
, vol. 5, ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat (Leiden 1986: 1118).
6
.
Les premières incursions des Vikings en Occident d’après les sources arabes
, by Arne Melvinger (Uppsala 1955: 44).
7
. ibid., p. 9. See also pp. 51-5, where further possible evidence is explored.
. ibid., p. 9. See also pp. 51-5, where further possible evidence is explored.
8
. ibid., pp. 179-80.
. ibid., pp. 179-80.
10
. ‘Vikingerne i Vasconia’, op. cit., p. 10.
. ‘Vikingerne i Vasconia’, op. cit., p. 10.
11
. Mauritania is in North Africa, present-day northern Morocco and west and central Algeria. It was conquered by the Arabs in the seventh century.
. Mauritania is in North Africa, present-day northern Morocco and west and central Algeria. It was conquered by the Arabs in the seventh century.
12
. CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts)
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
, FE 330. Internet resource at
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/text017
. html (accessed 4.12.2007). This online edition is based on
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
, ed. and trans. by Joan Radner (Dublin 1978).
. CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts)
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
, FE 330. Internet resource at
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/text017
. html (accessed 4.12.2007). This online edition is based on
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
, ed. and trans. by Joan Radner (Dublin 1978).
14
. Not until the early fourteenth-century geographer ad-Dimasqi, who refers to Scandinavia as a ‘large island, inhabited by very tall people with white skin, fair hair and blue eyes, who understand no one else’s language’, do we find a reference to the familiar racial stereotype of present-day Scandinavians. See
Nordens historie i middelalderen etter Arabiske kilder
, op cit., p. 114.
. Not until the early fourteenth-century geographer ad-Dimasqi, who refers to Scandinavia as a ‘large island, inhabited by very tall people with white skin, fair hair and blue eyes, who understand no one else’s language’, do we find a reference to the familiar racial stereotype of present-day Scandinavians. See
Nordens historie i middelalderen etter Arabiske kilder
, op cit., p. 114.
16
. ibid.
. ibid.
18
. ibid.
. ibid.
20
. ibid., p. 104.
. ibid., p. 104.
21
. This accounts for its disappearance from Europe throughout the era of Christian culture until it was reintroduced by seamen in the eighteenth century. The word was borrowed from the Tahitian and brought to Britain by the explorer Captain Cook.
. This accounts for its disappearance from Europe throughout the era of Christian culture until it was reintroduced by seamen in the eighteenth century. The word was borrowed from the Tahitian and brought to Britain by the explorer Captain Cook.
25
. ibid.,
. ibid.,
27
. A. Fabricius, quoted in ibid., p. 154.
. A. Fabricius, quoted in ibid., p. 154.
28
. ibid., p. 87.
. ibid., p. 87.
29
. ibid., p. 86.
. ibid., p. 86.
31
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 189) (Book 4, Chapter 6).
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 189) (Book 4, Chapter 6).
32
. Évariste Lévi-Provencal, in
Un échange d’ambassades entre Cordue et Byzance au IXième siècle
, quoted in
Les premières incursions des Vikings en Occident d’après les sources arabes
, op. cit., p. 61.
. Évariste Lévi-Provencal, in
Un échange d’ambassades entre Cordue et Byzance au IXième siècle
, quoted in
Les premières incursions des Vikings en Occident d’après les sources arabes
, op. cit., p. 61.
33
. ‘San Isidoro-æsken i León’, by Eduardo Morales Romero, in
Vikingerne på Den Iberiske Halvø
(Madrid 2004: 118ff).
. ‘San Isidoro-æsken i León’, by Eduardo Morales Romero, in
Vikingerne på Den Iberiske Halvø
(Madrid 2004: 118ff).
34
. ‘Vikingerne i Vasconia’, op. cit., p. 32.
. ‘Vikingerne i Vasconia’, op. cit., p. 32.
35
. ‘The Vikings in the Iberian Peninsula: questions to ponder’, by Jose Manuel Mates Luque, in
Viking Heritage
3 (1998: 8).
. ‘The Vikings in the Iberian Peninsula: questions to ponder’, by Jose Manuel Mates Luque, in
Viking Heritage
3 (1998: 8).
36
. ‘Vikingerne i Galicien’, by Vicente Almazán, in
Vikingerne på Den Iberiske Halvø
, op. cit., p. 46.
. ‘Vikingerne i Galicien’, by Vicente Almazán, in
Vikingerne på Den Iberiske Halvø
, op. cit., p. 46.
37
. ‘The Vikings in the Iberian peninsula’, by Manuel Velasco. Internet resource at
http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/history/iberian.htm
(accessed 5.12.2007).
CHAPTER 13 A PIECE OF HORSE’S LIVER: THE PRAGMATIC CHRISTIANITY OF HÅKON THE GOOD. ‘The Vikings in the Iberian peninsula’, by Manuel Velasco. Internet resource at
http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/history/iberian.htm
(accessed 5.12.2007).
1
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 159).
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 159).
2
. Quoted in
A Piece of Horse Liver and the Ratification of Law
, by Jón Hnefill Adalsteinsson (Reykjavík 1998: 63).
. Quoted in
A Piece of Horse Liver and the Ratification of Law
, by Jón Hnefill Adalsteinsson (Reykjavík 1998: 63).
4
.
De temporum ratione
, by the Venerable Bede, Chapter XV. Internet resource at
http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda
-15.html (accessed 7.12.2007).
.
De temporum ratione
, by the Venerable Bede, Chapter XV. Internet resource at
http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda
-15.html (accessed 7.12.2007).
6
.
Heimskringla: Norrøne tekster og kvad
. Internet resource at
http://www.heimskringla.no/original/skaldekvad/haraldskvaedi.php
(accessed 6.12.2007).
.
Heimskringla: Norrøne tekster og kvad
. Internet resource at
http://www.heimskringla.no/original/skaldekvad/haraldskvaedi.php
(accessed 6.12.2007).
11
. ibid., pp. 86-90. Snorri spreads these developments over two years.
. ibid., pp. 86-90. Snorri spreads these developments over two years.
12
. ibid., p. 92.
. ibid., p. 92.
14
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 85);
The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings
, by Theodoricus Monachus, trans. and annotated by David and Ian McDougall (London 1998: 61).
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 85);
The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings
, by Theodoricus Monachus, trans. and annotated by David and Ian McDougall (London 1998: 61).
16
. ibid., p. 64.
. ibid., p. 64.
18
. The ‘sampling’ of the ‘Hávamál’ may account for Eyvind’s nickname, ‘the Plagiarist’. The interpretation of the last two lines as a comment on ‘king’s luck’ is based on a reading by the Danish translator, Martin Jensen.
. The ‘sampling’ of the ‘Hávamál’ may account for Eyvind’s nickname, ‘the Plagiarist’. The interpretation of the last two lines as a comment on ‘king’s luck’ is based on a reading by the Danish translator, Martin Jensen.
19
.
Aschehougs Norges Historie, b. 2, Vikingtid og rikssamling 800-1139
, by Claus Krag (Oslo 2005: 151).
.
Aschehougs Norges Historie, b. 2, Vikingtid og rikssamling 800-1139
, by Claus Krag (Oslo 2005: 151).
23
. ibid., p. 8.
. ibid., p. 8.
27
. Translated from
Blot: Tro og offer i det forkristne Norden
, by Britt-Mari Näsström (Oslo 2001: 27).
. Translated from
Blot: Tro og offer i det forkristne Norden
, by Britt-Mari Näsström (Oslo 2001: 27).
30
. Such a statement of relationship was necessary for the legitimation of Olaf’s later kingship. Norwegian historians increasingly doubt the validity of the genealogical links to Harald Finehair of both Olaf Tryggvason and of the later saint-king, Olav Haraldson.
. Such a statement of relationship was necessary for the legitimation of Olaf’s later kingship. Norwegian historians increasingly doubt the validity of the genealogical links to Harald Finehair of both Olaf Tryggvason and of the later saint-king, Olav Haraldson.
32
.
The Formation of England 550-1042
, by H. P. R. Finberg (St Albans 1976: 182). For a different assessment of the importance of the battle, see
The Return of the Vikings: The Battle of Maldon 1991
, by Donald Scragg (Stroud 2006).
.
The Formation of England 550-1042
, by H. P. R. Finberg (St Albans 1976: 182). For a different assessment of the importance of the battle, see
The Return of the Vikings: The Battle of Maldon 1991
, by Donald Scragg (Stroud 2006).
36
. ibid., p. 439.
. ibid., p. 439.
38
. ibid., p. 438.
. ibid., p. 438.
42
.
Ágrip: A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway
, edited and translated, with an introduction and notes by M. J. Driscoll (London 1995: 31).
.
Ágrip: A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway
, edited and translated, with an introduction and notes by M. J. Driscoll (London 1995: 31).
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