The Watchers (53 page)

On the numbers of priests in England and their punishments and for Campion's ‘holy rib' see Eamon Duffy's biography of William Allen in
ODNB
. Lord Burghley's description of the seminary priests is from Kingdon (1965), 40. Allen's words on the mission (‘This is the way') are from [Allen] (1581), f. 110. The outstanding life of Mary Queen of Scots is Guy (2004). On the Ridolfi Plot and its influence on parliament see Edwards (1968), Alford (2008), chs. 12, 13, and Hartley (1981–95), 1:270–418. Two texts survive of Robert Beale's paper on the implications of the massacre in Paris, 1572: Beale's draft is BL Additional MS 48049 ff. 340r–357v; the fair copy is BL Cotton MS Titus F.3 ff. 302r–308v. On Beale's career Taviner (2000) is essential. On the Jesuit proposals for the conversion of Scotland see McCoog (1996), ch. 5. On the Duke of Guise and prospects for the liberation of Mary Queen of Scots and the invasion of England see Carroll (2009), ch. 10. On the carrying of pistols see the act of 1542 concerning crossbows and handguns (33 Henry VIII, c. 6), printed in
Statutes
, 3:832–5. The Elizabethan proclamations of 1559 and 1579 are in Hughes and Larkin (1964–9), 2:116, 442–5. A proclamation published in December 1594 restricted even further the carrying of dags: Hughes and Larkin (1964–9), 3:141–2. The honest traveller with the case of dags at his saddle-bow is from Harrison (1968), 238. John Doyly's examination of ‘divers persons' who heard John Somerville's words spoken against the queen, [?25–26 Oct 1583], is SP 12/163/23. The Treasons Act of 1571 (13 Elizabeth I, c. 1), the statute by which Somerville was
tried, made it treason to ‘compass, imagine, invent, devise or intend the death or destruction or any bodily harm tending to death, destruction, maim or wounding of the royal person' of the queen by ‘speech, words or sayings'. See also Bellamy (1979), 76. Other key documents in the Somerville case are: Somerville's examination, 28 Oct 1583, SP 12/163/21, SP 12/163/22; Somerville's further examination, 31 Oct 1583, SP 12/163/26, SP 12/163/28; Somerville's confession, after 31 Oct 1583, SP 12/163/4 (misdated 6 Oct 1583); Walsingham's ‘Resolution touching the prisoners', SP 12/163/49; papers drawn up for the examination of Somerville's wife, family and servants, SP12/163/47, SP12/163/48; John Popham to Walsingham, 7 Nov 1583, SP12/163/53; Thomas Wylkes to Burghley, the Earl of Leicester and Walsingham, 7 Nov 1583, SP12/163/55; Wylkes to Walsingham, 7 Nov 1583, SP12/163/54; and William Thacker's examination by Francis Mylles and Morrys Pykeryng, 21 Nov 1583, SP12/163/70. The report on the friar in Dunkirk, [?Nov 1584], is SP 12/173/104. The Instrument of an Association, 19 Oct 1584, is SP12/174/10. An exact facsimile of Mary Queen of Scots's subscription to the Association, 5 Jan 1585, in the possession of Robert Beale is BL Additional MS 48027 f. 249r. On the Association, its context and its consequences see Cressy (1982), Collinson (1994a), Collinson (1994b) and Alford (2008), 256–7. Debates on the bill on the queen's surety (or safety) are to be found in Hartley (1981–95), 2:67–193. The Act for Surety of the Queen's Person, 1585 (27 Elizabeth I, c. 1) is printed in
Statutes
, 4:704–5. Burghley's words on the queen's safety are from SP 12/176/30. See, once again, Collinson (1994a) and Collinson (1994b).

William Parry to Lord Burghley, 30 June 1580, is CP 161/150. Sir Henry Cobham to Lord Burghley, 7 July 1580, is CP 11/52. Parry to Burghley, 20 July 1580, is SP 15/27B/25. Parry to Burghley, 30 July 1580, is BL Lansdowne MS 31 ff. 18r–v, 19v. A second letter from Parry to Burghley, 30 July 1580, is SP 15/27B/27. Parry to Burghley, 11 Sep 1581, is BL Lansdowne MS 31 ff. 26r–27r. Parry's paper on the indictment against him is BL Lansdowne MS 31 f. 123r–v. The evidence against Parry in the case of Hugh Hare, with Parry's remarks upon it, is BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 124r–126r. Elizabeth, Lady Russell to Burghley, 8 Nov 1581, is BL Lansdowne MS 33 f. 203r. Parry's petition to Elizabeth's Privy Council, 17 Dec 1581, is SP 12/150/86. Parry to Burghley, 28 Jan 1582, is BL Lansdowne MS 34 ff. 41r–43v. On Parry's journey to Paris and Lyons see Hicks (1948), 346. Parry to Burghley, 18/28 Jan 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 40 ff. 55r–v, 56v. On Robert Persons
and
De Persecutione Anglicana
(
An epistle of the persecution
) see Milward (1978), nos. 236, 237, and Edwards (1995), 67. Parry to Burghley, 22 Feb/4 Mar 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 68r–69r. Parry to Burghley, 28 Feb/10 Mar 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 70r–v, 71v. Thomas Phelippes to Sir Francis Walsingham, Bourges, 19 July 1582, is SP 15/27A/99. On Phelippes's stay in Bourges, see Sir Henry Cobham to Walsingham, 16 July 1582, SP 78/7/130; and Cobham to Walsingham, 26 July 1582, SP 78/7/141. Phelippes to Walsingham, 13 Mar 1583, is SP 15/28/8. On John Bradley in Venice and his knowledge of Parry,
c
. Nov 1583, see SP 12/163/93. The text of Campeggio's letter to the Cardinal of Como, 2/12 Mar 1583, is from Hicks (1948), 347–9. Parry to Burghley, 30 Apr/10 May 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 39 ff. 128r–129r; Parry to Walsingham, 30 Apr/10 May 1583, is SP 78/9/103. Parry's reference to the danger of his letters going astray is Parry to Walsingham, 17/27 June 1583, SP 78/9/132. The letter of the gentleman of Venice is BL Lansdowne MS 38 ff. 145r–146v, with Parry's comment at f. 146v. Parry to Burghley, 8/18 June 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 138r. See also Parry to Walsingham, 17/27 June 1583, SP 78/9/132. On Salamon Aldred see Hicks (1945). The reference to Aldred by Barnard, 5 May 1582, is SP 12/153/38. Parry to Burghley, 18/28 Aug 1583, is SP 78/10/31. Parry to Burghley, 8/18 Aug 1583, is SP 78/10/26. Parry to Burghley, 17/27 Aug 1583, is SP 78/10/29. Parry to Burghley, 14/24 Oct 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 176r–v.

The account of Charles Paget's voyage from Dieppe to Arundel haven and then back again is from the examination of John Halter by Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton, 20 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/45. The description of Halter's business as shipmaster is from the examination of Christopher Haines by Robert Beale, 17 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/33. Isham of London, for whom John Halter was working, was perhaps the merchant Henry Isham: see Ramsay (1962). The secret report made for William Allen on the searcher of Arundel,
c.
Sep 1583, is SP 12/162/51. The meeting in Paris convened by the Duke of Guise in June 1583 is set out by Carroll (2009), 249–50. The most important diplomatic dispatches are Castelli to the Cardinal of Como, Paris, 22 Apr/2 May 1583, in Pollen (1922), 169 (Document A), Knox (1882), xlviii, 412–13, Kretzschmar (1892), 161–2; Juan Bautista de Tassis to Philip II, Paris, [24 Apr/4 May 1583], in Pollen (1922), 169–70 (Document B); Como to Castelli, Rome, 13/23 May 1583, in Kretzschmar (1892), 163 and Knox (1882), xlvii–xlviii, 413–14; Como to Castelli, Rome, 20/30 May 1583, in Pollen (1922), 170 (Document C), Knox (1882), 414, and Kretzschmar
(1892), 163–4; Castelli to Como, 1/11 June 1583, in Knox (1882), 415–16; and Tassis to Philip II, Paris, [14/24 June 1583], in Pollen (1922), 170 (Document E). On Allen's part in invasion planning see Duffy (2002). The Duke of Guise's physical attributes and character are from Carroll (2009), 185–9. The duke's plans for the invasion of Scotland and England are discussed by Carroll (2009), ch. 10, and McCoog (1996), ch 5. The strategic position of Spain in the early 1580s is set out in Parker (1998), 169–73. For a spirited interpretation of these plans of 1581 and 1582 and Charles Paget's part in them, see Hicks (1964), ch. 1. Paget's letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 8 Jan 1582, is SP 15/27A/56. His letter to Walsingham of 6 Apr 1582 is SP 15/27A/68. Walsingham's letter to Paget, 4 May 1582, is SP 15/27A/79. On the noun and verb ‘mope' and the adjective ‘moped' (bewildered, confused, dazed) see Crystal and Crystal (2002), 286 and
OED
. Dame Margery Throckmorton's letter to either Francis or Thomas Throckmorton, 9 Oct 1583, is SP 12/163/8. See also her confession of 5 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/9. Doctor Thomas Fryer of St Botolph's parish Without Aldersgate was one of nineteen physicians recorded in the London subsidy records for 1582: Lang (1993), 126 (no. 178). The account of the Throckmorton family is from
ODNB
, Hasler (1981), 3:494–5, and the will of Sir John Throckmorton (20 May 1580), PROB 11/62 PCC Arundell (proved 8 Dec 1580). On Castelnau and the embassy at Salisbury Court see Bossy (2001), 33–4, 84–6. Thomas, Lord Paget's letter to Charles Paget, 25 Oct 1583, is SP 12/163/18. The search of Francis Throckmorton's house at Paul's Wharf is from Q.Z. (1584), sigs. A1v–A2r. See also Bossy (2001), 79–81. The manuscript draft of the official printed account of the conspiracy, corrected and revised probably by Thomas Wylkes, is SP 12/171/86, on which see Hicks (1964), 31. In 1582 Francis Throckmorton was assessed for tax in the parish of which Paul's Wharf was part: Lang (1993), 274 (no. 368). The story of the casket covered in green velvet is from the deposition of Throckmorton's servant John Throckmorton, 15 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/9, and Q.Z. (1584), sig. B2r–v. Francis Throckmorton's friend was John Merydeth, who lodged at the King's Head in Cheapside, on which see Stow (1908), 1:257, and Lobel and Johns (1989), 78. Lord Paget's letter to Richard Ensor, 7 Nov 1583, is SP 12/163/52. On the outside of the packet a member of Walsingham's staff wrote the names of Charles Paget and Charles Arundel. Lord Paget may have been staying at his mother's house on Fleet Street, which is referred to in a letter by ‘F.V.' to Charles Paget, 20 Dec 1583, SP12/164/47. In the dowager Lady Paget's will (1 Dec 1585) there is a reference to her ‘messuage tenement [i.e. a house and outbuildings] and garden … lying and being in the parish of St Dunstan's in the West in Fleet Street' and ‘my messuage and house': PROB 11/72 PCC Rutland (proved 4 May 1588). William Warde, Lord Paget's solicitor, spoke of ‘the
Lord Paget's house in Fleet Street' (14 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/24). The judgement on Lord Henry Howard is by William Herle in a letter to Burghley, [23 Nov 1583], BL Cotton MS Caligula C.8 ff. 204r–206r. Robert Beale's letter to Walsingham concerning the examination of Lord Henry Howard, 9 Nov 1583, is SP 12/163/59. See also Alford (2008), 251–2. On Thomas Randolph's detention of Throckmorton see Bossy (2001), 83, and the examination of Anne Throckmorton, 18 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/41. The account of Throckmorton's meeting with the lawyer is from Q.Z. (1584), sig. B2v. If this visit did take place, then it is just possible that the lawyer was Arden Waferer of Chancery Lane. When Sheriff Spencer searched Waferer's house in Aug 1584, he found, as well as Waferer's wife, three small children and four servants, ‘many letters of the Earl of Northumberland, Edward Arden [the father-in-law of John Somerville, accused of plotting to assassinate the queen], [Francis] Throckmorton and divers others'. Waferer explained to Spencer that they were ‘only his clients' letters and no others'. Sheriff Spencer's search of Arden Waferer's house on 27 Aug 1584 is reported in SP 12/172/111. William Herle's letter to Lord Burghley from the Bull's Head near the Temple Bar, 15 Nov 1583, is BL Lansdowne MS 39 ff. 190v–191v. On 16 Nov 1583 he wrote to Burghley of Lord Henry Howard's book against prophesyings that was ‘conceived by some of good judgment to contain sundry heresies and spices withal of treason'. This was the letter in which Herle wrote that ‘the world is full of mischief, for the enemy sleeps not': Herle to Burghley, 16 Nov 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 193r. On Herle and his career see Adams (2009). The account of Francis Throckmorton's use of three cards to write secretly to George Throckmorton is from Q.Z. (1584), sig. A2r–v. For the date of George Throckmorton's arrest see Bossy (2001), 87, and BL Harley MS 6035 f. 33r. The official account of Throckmorton's early interrogations by the Privy Council and his torture by commissioners is Q.Z. (1584), sig. A2v. See also Bossy (2001), 87–8, and Hicks (1964), 30–32. On the verb ‘pinch' and the adjective ‘pinched', and for a number of examples of how Shakespeare used them, see Crystal and Crystal (2002), 328. Walsingham's letter to Wylkes with instructions for Throckmorton's torture, 18 Nov 1583, is SP 12/163/65. See also Read (1925), 2:382–7. Throckmorton's second torture on the rack is described in Q.Z. (1584), sig. A3r. Throckmorton's confession of 20 Nov 1583 is SP 12/165/10. Throckmorton's other confession, probably of 23 Nov 1583, is SP 12/165/10. On the letters alleged to have passed between Sir Francis Englefield and Throckmorton, see Q.Z. (1584), sig. A3r. On Englefield and Throckmorton see Loomie (1963), 41–2. Herle's letter to Burghley, [23 Nov 1583], is BL Cotton MS Caligula C.8 ff. 204r–206r. The information about Lord Paget's departure from London comes from the examination of William Warde by Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton,
20 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/46. The account of the party of men at Ferring on 25 Nov 1583 is from the examination of Thomas Barnard of Sussex by William Lewkenor, 12 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/23. Lord Paget's letter to Charles Paget, 25 Oct 1583, is SP 12/163/18. Walsingham's letter to Sir Edward Stafford, 1 Dec 1583, is SP 78/10/95. Throckmorton's confession of 2 Dec 1583, and those confessions of 20 and 23 Nov and 4 Dec 1583, are in SP 12/165/10.

Thomas, Lord Paget's letters from Paris of 2/12 Dec 1583 are SP 12/164/5 (to his mother and sister) and SP 12/164/6 (to Lord Burghley). Lord Paget's letter to Burghley about the ‘continual jars' of living with his wife, 21 Mar 1582, is BL Lansdowne MS 34 ff. 17r, 18v. On the Pagets and Catholic recusancy, see Lord Paget to the Privy Council, 17 Nov 1580, SP 12/144/29; Lord Paget to Sir Francis Walsingham, 10 Jan 1581, SP 12/147/5; Robert Barnard's report to Walsingham on Lady Paget's support for Catholic priests, including Robert Persons, 29 May 1582, SP 12/153/68; and Barnard's intelligence that ‘The old Lady Paget sent me £10 on Friday last past to give to four priests', n.d., SP 12/168/31. Stafford's copy of his letter to the queen, 1 Dec 1583, is BL Cotton MS Galba E.6 ff. 183r–186r. His letter to Walsingham, 1 Dec 1583, is SP 78/10/94, BL Cotton MS Galba E.6 ff. 187r–188v. Stafford to Burghley, 2 Dec 1583, is SP 15/28A/43. Stafford to Walsingham, 2 Dec 1583, is SP 15/28A/44. Throckmorton's examination of 4 Dec 1583 is SP 12/165/10. Dame Margery Throckmorton's confession, 5 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/9. The interrogatories for Lord Henry Howard, n.d., are SP 12/163/39. Stafford's letter informing Walsingham of ‘no small ado' caused by Lord Paget and Charles Arundel, 6 Dec 1583, is SP 78/10/98. William Parry's three letters to Walsingham in late Nov and early Dec 1583 are: 26 Nov/6 Dec 1583, SP 15/28A/45; 7/17 Dec 1583, SP 15/28A/46; and 8/18 Dec 1583, SP 15/28A/47. Thomas Lewknor's examinations of Edward Caryll, John Mychell (Caryll's servant) and Thomas Pellet, 9 Dec 1583, are set out in SP 12/164/23. The examination of William Bell, [11 Dec 1583], is SP 12/164/19. Sislye Hopton's confession, 14 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/27. John Throckmorton's evidence, 15 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/29. The letter from Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton to Walsingham, 15 Dec 1583, is SP12/164/32. The minute of Walsingham's letter to Stafford about the arrest of the Earl of Northumberland, 16 Dec 1583, is SP 78/10/107. Stafford's observations on the Pagets and the exchange of Lord Paget's money are from his letters to Walsingham, 15 Dec and
c
. 15 Dec 1583, SP 78/10/104 and SP 78/10/106. The examination of Christopher Haines, who talked about John Halter and
Isham of London, 17 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/33. The interrogatories for Northumberland, 17 Dec 1583, are SP 12/164/36. Walsingham's interrogatories for George More, 18 Dec 1583, are SP 12/164/43, and More's answers to them, 20 Dec 1583, SP 12/164/44. The two intercepted letters to Charles Paget, both dated from London on 17 Dec 1583, are SP 12/164/37 and SP 12/164/47. The examinations of Anne and Mary Throckmorton, 18 Dec 1583, are SP 12/164/41. The examination of William Warde by Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton, 20 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/46. The examination of George Lawe, the Earl of Arundel's servant, 20 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/45, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 43–5. Arundel's examination, 24 Dec 1583, is SP 12/164/53, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 46–8. See also Arundel's letter to the Privy Council, 12 Jan 1584, SP 12/167/18, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 48–50. Robert Beale's examination of Thomas Fells, footman to the Earl of Northumberland, 9 Jan 1584, is SP 12/167/13. On Northumberland's involvement in the Guise project more generally see Barker [1585b] and Thomas Norton's ‘Chain of Treasons', BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 65v–68r. Robert Beale's examination of Lord Henry Howard, Jan 1584, is BL Cotton MS Caligula C.7 ff. 361r–362r. Two letters marked as intercepted are those of Grysseld Waldegrave to Thomas, Lord Paget, 22 Jan 1584, SP 12/167/37; and Lady Anne Lee to Charles Paget, 29 Jan 1584, SP 12/167/51. Sir Edward Stafford's description of Lord Paget and Charles Paget is from his letter to Walsingham, 27 Dec 1583, SP 78/10/53. On Mendoza's dismissal from Elizabeth's court see Jensen (1964), 59–64, and Parker (1998), 171. The estimate of the charges for
The Scout
, 17 Jan 1584, is SP 12/167/32. A copy of William Waad's instructions for his mission to Spain, 15 Jan 1584, is BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 362r–363r. The account of the trial of Francis Throckmorton in the London Guild Hall is by Q.Z. (1584), of which
STC
24051.5 is a Latin translation. The account of the Earl of Northumberland's suicide and the narrative of the Guise plan for England's invasion are from Barker [1585b]. On Guise see Carroll (2009), chs. 10, 11. The reports on Charles Paget in Aug 1585 and Thomas Throckmorton in Sep 1585 were both by Nicholas Berden: 11–13 Aug 1585 (NS?), SP 15/29/38, SP 15/29/39, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 79; 30 Sep 1585 (NS?), SP 15/29/45, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 80–81.