The Watchers (54 page)

Hicks (1948) is an excellent guide to the sources; see also Hicks (1964), ch. 3. Parry's account of his correspondence with Cardinal Campeggio and the Cardinal of Como and his meeting with Thomas Morgan is from [Barker]
[1585a], 11–17 (sigs. B3r–C2r). Parry's letters are: to Lord Burghley, Paris, 18/28 Jan 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 40 ff. 55r–v, 56v; to Burghley, Venice, 22 Feb/4 Mar 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 68r–69r; to Burghley, Venice, 28 Feb/10 Mar 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 70r–v, 71v; to Burghley, Lyons, 30 Apr/10 May 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 39 ff. 128r–129r; to Sir Francis Walsingham, Lyons, 30 Apr/10 May 1583, SP 78/9/103; to Walsingham, Lyons, 17/27 June 1583, SP 78/9/132; to Burghley, Lyons, 8/18 June 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 138r; to Burghley, Lyons, 8/18 Aug 1583, SP 78/10/26; to Burghley, Lyons, 17/27 Aug 1583, SP 78/10/29; to Walsingham, Paris, 14/24 Oct 1583, SP 78/10/52; to Burghley, Paris, 14/24 Oct 1583, BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 176r–v; to Thomas Morgan, 22 Feb 1584, SP 15/28A/61; to Burghley, May 1584, BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 13r, 14v; to Burghley, 2 Aug 1584, BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 26r, 27r–v; and to Burghley, 3 Sep 1584, BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 34r, 35v. Robert Cecil to Parry, 30 Aug 1584, is SP 12/172/118. Sir Edward Hoby to Burghley, 1 Oct 1584, is CP 13/61. The English translation of Robert Persons's
De Persecutione Anglicana
(
An epistle of the persecution
) is [Persons] (1582b) and Allen's
Modest Defence
is [Allen] 1584. The best modern edition of Allen's text is Kingdon (1965). Edmund Nevylle's references to Parry, his plot to kill Elizabeth, and Allen's
Modest Defence
are from his confession, 9 Feb 1585, SP 12/176/47. Parry's ‘voluntary confession' of 13 Feb 1585, is from [Barker] [1585a], 11–19 (sigs. B3r–C3r). The confessions of Edmund Nevylle in manuscript are: 9 Feb 1585, SP 12/176/47; and 11 Feb 1585, SP 12/176/48. There are interrogatories for Nevylle of 12 Feb 1585, SP 12/176/52. William Crichton's answers to three interrogatories written by Walsingham, 15 Feb 1585, are from SP12/176/54. Parry's letter to Burghley and the Earl of Leicester, 18 Feb 1585, is in [Barker] [1585a], 21–2 (sig. C4r–v). William Crichton's statement for Walsingham on his knowledge of Parry, 20 Feb 1585, is in [Barker] [1585a], 23–4 (sig. D1r–v). Parry's statement on the whereabouts of his letter from the Cardinal of Como of 20/30 Jan 1584, is [Barker] [1585a], 24 (sig. D1v), and the letter itself BL Lansdowne MS 96 f. 48r, which is printed in English translation in [Barker] [1585a], 25–6 (sig. D2r–v). William Crichton's account of Parry and his plot, from 1611, is in Pollen (1922), 165–6. Parry's letter to Charles Paget, 22 Feb 1584, is SP 12/168/23. Nevylle had lodgings in the Whitefriars, between Fleet Street and the River Thames (Nevylle's confession, 9 Feb 1585, SP 12/176/47), but Nevylle said Parry visited him a second time ‘at my [Nevylle's] lodging in Hernes rents in Holborn' ([Barker] [1585a], 8 (sig. B1v)). It was here, coincidentally, that the later conspirator Anthony Babington would lodge in May 1586, ‘in Hernes rents in Lincoln's Inn field' (SP 12/192/71). On Parry in the House of Commons in 1584 see Hasler (1981), 3:180–4, and Hartley (1981–95), 2:158–60.
Parry's letter to the queen of 14 Feb 1585 is BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 117r–118r, printed in a carefully redacted form in [Barker] [1585a], 19–20 (sig. C3r–v). Parry's letter to Burghley and Leicester, 18 Feb 1585, is from [Barker] [1585a], 21–22 (sig. C4r–v). Parry's reference in his trial to his ‘rare, singular and unnatural' cause is from [Barker] [1585a], 32 (sig. E1v). Burghley's letter to Walsingham on the printing of the facts of Parry's case, 1 Mar 1585, is SP 12/177/1. See also Burghley to Walsingham, 4 Mar 1585, SP 12/177/4; and Attorney-General John Popham to Walsingham, 10 Mar 1585, SP 12/177/11. There is a copy of the warrant for Parry's execution in BL Lansdowne MS 43 f. 125r. The quotations on Parry's character and family are from [Barker] [1585a], 40 (sig. F1v). The public prayers on Parry's treason, for the diocese of Winchester, are Newberie [1585]. Parry's last words are from Hicks (1948), 357.

On Thomas Morgan see William Parry in [Barker] [1585a], 13 (sig. B4r), and Hicks (1964). Sir Edward Stafford's letter about the Catholic exiles in Paris, 2 Jan 1586, is SP 78/15/2. On the exiles' quarrels see also [Nicholas Berden] to Sir Francis Walsingham, [6/16] Dec 1585, SP 15/29/55, and [Berden] to Walsingham, [2/12] Jan 1586, SP 15/29/85. Thomas Phelippes's decipher of Morgan's letter recommending Gilbert Gifford to Mary Queen of Scots, 5/15 Oct 1585, is SP 53/16/50. Another decipher is CP 163/121–22, Murdin (1759), 454. Charles Sledd's reference to ‘Gilbarte Gifforde' as a scholar in the English College in Rome is Talbot (1961), 198. On Gifford's career in William Allen's seminary see Knox (1878). For a good introduction to Nicholas Berden's reports (though with some misreadings and inaccuracies) see Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 66–93. See also Read (1925), 2:315–16, 331–5, 415–19. Berden used the alias of Thomas Rogers: for a confusion of the two see Pollen (1922), xlii, and Read (1925), 2:415. On the intelligence work of Sir Horatio Palavicino, see Stone (1956), ch. 6. Berden wrote to Walsingham in late Apr or early May 1586 (SP 12/187/81): ‘I was always persuaded by Signor Palavicino to get the credit of all the foresaid affairs [i.e. of English Catholic exiles] into my hands the better to serve your honour with their whole practices and intentions, for the gaining whereof I have used all diligence and industry, by which means I hope your honour shall be served to your full content.' Berden's report to Walsingham, [18/28] Dec 1585, is SP 15/29/62, printed (without Phelippes's abstract) in Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 83–4. Berden's report to Walsingham of [2/12] Jan 1586, is SP 15/29/85, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 84–5. On Gilbert Gifford's capture
see Pollen (1922), li and note. Phelippes's decipher of Morgan to Mary Queen Scots, 18/28 Jan 1586, the letter in which he recommended Robert Poley for service, is SP 53/17/6, of which CP 164/1–6 is a copy, printed in Murdin (1759), 470–81. On Poley see Nicholl (2002), esp. chs. 16, 17. One example of the interception of a cipher letter written by Morgan is Stafford to Walsingham, 29 Dec 1584, CP 163/66, Murdin (1759), 429. Phelippes's letter to Walsingham referring to ‘the party', 25 Feb 1586, is SP 12/186/78. On 5/15 Dec 1585 Morgan referred to ‘the difficulty for the reviving' of Mary's intelligence: SP 53/16/71; CP 163/126, Murdin (1759), 456. Phelippes's letter to Walsingham from London on his meeting with ‘the secret party', Robert Poley and the spies of Richard Young, 19 Mar 1586, is SP 53/17/28. On Poley's service for Morgan and Charles Paget, see Phelippes's decipher of Morgan to Mary Queen of Scots, 31 Mar/10 Apr 1586, SP 53/17/33, and Phelippes's decipher of Paget to the Queen of Scots, 31 Mar/10 Apr 1586, SP 53/17/44. For copies of these letters see CP 164/30–40, Murdin (1759), 481–503. Maliverey Catilyn's paper, to which Phelippes gave the title of ‘Catilyn's observations touching corrupt subjects', [May–13 June 1586], is SP 12/190/62. Catilyn wrote from Portsmouth of his ‘writing tables' to Walsingham on 25 June 1586, SP 12/190/51, endorsed by Phelippes. On the meaning of ‘tables' (or ‘table-book') see Beal (2008), 408–9, and Crystal and Crystal (2002), 441. Berden's report on recusants and priests, 23 Apr 1586, is SP 12/188/37. His paper on Charles Paget and other exiles is from Thomas Rogers [Berden] to Walsingham, ?late Apr or early May 1586, SP 12/187/81, of which there is a short summary in Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 85–6. See also Berden's report, 15 May 1586, SP 12/189/22, Pollen and MacMahon (1919), 86–8. The quotation on cipher from Francis Bacon is from Bacon (1605), sig. Qq1r. Gilbert Curll's decipher of the letter he received from Gilbert Gifford, 24 Apr 1586, is SP 53/17/55. There appear to be references to Gilbert Gifford's arrival in France in the letter of Edward Gratley (alias John Foxley), whom Walsingham was trying to recruit as a source of information, to Walsingham, 18/28 May 1586, SP 15/29/110: ‘our friend upon his arrival' and ‘Master Gifford doth by the delivery of your mind herein …' Compare Phelippes writing to Walsingham, 8 July 1586, of the book ‘that G.G. [Gilbert Gifford] brought you of Foxley's [Gratley's]': SP 53/18/38, Morris (1874), 218–19. Gratley was a friend of William Gifford, who was also approached by Walsingham in 1586. William was a kinsman of Gilbert, hence Gilbert's visit to France. On William Gifford see Butler and Pollen (1902). Thomas Barnes described his recruitment as a courier by Gilbert Gifford in a confession of Mar 1588, is SP 12/199/86, Pollen (1922), 3–5. See also his letter to Walsingham, 17 Mar 1588, SP 53/21/26. Barnes's letter to Gilbert Curll, [?28 Apr 1586], deciphered by Curll, is CP 164/55, Pollen (1922), 5–7. Curll to Barnes,
[?20 May 1586], is SP 53/17/73, Pollen (1922), 8. Barnes to Mary Queen of Scots, [9 and 10 June 1586], is SP 53/18/6, Pollen (1922), 8–10. Phelippes's draft of points for a letter from Gilbert Gifford to Morgan, 24 May [1586], is SP 12/170/89, Pollen (1922), 101–2. Phelippes's draft of a letter in the name of Barnes to Gilbert Curll, 6/16 June 1586, is SP 53/18/6, Pollen (1922), 10–11. The description of Phelippes by Mary Queen of Scots is from Phelippes's decipher of her letter to Morgan, 27 July 1586, SP 53/18/75. Phelippes noted her smile in his letter to Walsingham, 14 July 1586, SP 53/18/48. On the saying used by Phelippes see Guy (2004), 482. Sir Amias Paulet addressed Phelippes as his ‘assured friend' on 29 June 1586, SP 53/18/23, Morris (1874), 214. On Paulet and Phelippes see Pollen (1922), liv. Paulet's letter to Phelippes of 3 June 1586 is SP 53/18/1, Morris (1874), 198. Paulet referred to ‘a course' set down by Phelippes to Walsingham, 29 June 1586, SP 53/18/22, Morris (1874), 211–14. For Phelippes's journey to Chartley, see his letter to Walsingham from Stilton, 8 July 1586, SP 53/18/38, Morris (1874), 218–19. Gifford's letter of 7 July 1586 to Phelippes in London is SP 53/18/37, Morris (1874), 216–17, Pollen (1922), 103–5. The letters sent between Walsingham, Paulet and Phelippes in June and July 1586 in SP 53/18 are printed in Morris (1874). See also Pollen (1922), who explains the system of interception, lxi–lxiv. The official account of Francis Throckmorton's trial is Q.Z. (1584). His letter to Queen Elizabeth, with a covering letter by Sir Owen Hopton, 1 June 1584, is SP 12/171/1 and SP 12/171/1.I. Elizabeth's permission for interviews between Francis, Anne and Dame Margery Throckmorton, [June 1584], is SP 12/171/2. On Anthony Babington see Pollen (1922), civ–cvii,
ODNB
and Weston (1955), 99–101. The will of his father, Henry Babington, is PROB 11/55 PCC Peter (made 5 May 1571, proved 19 Feb 1573). Babington's lodgings in London are noted in Pollen (1922), 52; [?June or July] 1586, SP 12/192/71; 9 Aug 1586, SP53/19/28; and 12 Aug 1586, SP53/19/42. Robert Poley's account of his ‘first acquaintance' with Babington, [Aug 1586], is SP 53/19/26. On John Ballard see Pollen (1922), lxvi–cix, and Anstruther (1969). The account of Babington's meeting with Ballard in May 1586 is from his confession, 18–20 Aug 1586, BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 296v–297r, Pollen (1922), 52–4.

On Thomas Cassie, Thomas Phelippes's servant since probably 1583, see Cassie to Phelippes, Feb 1589, SP 12/222/93. Phelippes's letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 6 July 1586, is SP 53/18/32. On the work of Arthur Gregory see Pollen (1922), lviii, and Gregory to Sir Robert Cecil, [?Sep] 1596,
SP 12/260/49, in which Gregory referred to a counterfeit which involved preparing new metal (presumably for a seal) and finding both the correct sort of paper and a sample of handwriting. The letter to Phelippes by Gilbert Gifford, writing as Cornelys, 7 July 1586, is SP 53/18/37, Morris (1874), 216–17, Pollen (1922), 103–5. His letter (also signed Cornelys) to Walsingham, 11 July 1586, is SP 53/18/40, Morris (1874), 220–23, Pollen (1922), 105–9. Gifford described his first meeting with John Ballard in Cornelys [Gifford] to Walsingham, 11 July 1586, SP 53/18/40, Morris (1874), 220–23, Pollen (1922), 105–9. Gifford described his second meeting with Ballard in his letter to Walsingham of 12 July 1586, BL Harley MS 286 f. 136r–v, Pollen (1922), 109–11. The official copy of Anthony Babington to Mary Queen of Scots, [6/16] July 1586, is SP 53/19/12, Pollen (1922), 18–23, Windet [1587], sigs. D1r–D2v. On the posting of the letter, see Babington's first confession, BL Additional 48027 f. 300v, Pollen (1922), 63. See also Read (1909), 28–32. The text of Mary's letter to Babington of [17/27] July 1586 is from Pollen (1922), 38–45, quotations at 38, 39, 45. On when and how Mary's letter was composed see Pollen (1922), 26, and Guy (2004), 482–4. Pollen (1922), 35–45, took great care in arranging and collating texts of the ‘bloody letter'. Out of a number of texts in SP 53, the best are SP 53/19/12 and SP 53/18/53, though SP 53/18/54 was endorsed by Phelippes. See also Windet [1587], sigs. D3r–E3r, and Read (1909), 33–40. Phelippes's letter to Walsingham of 19 July 1586 is SP 53/18/61, Morris (1874), 234–6. Walsingham's letter to Phelippes, 22 July 1586, is SP 53/18/68, Morris (1874), 245. Gilbert Gifford's letter to Walsingham, 19 or 20 July 1586, is SP 53/19/5. See also Nicholas Berden to Walsingham, 21 July 1586, SP 12/191/23; Francis Mylles to Walsingham, 22 July 1586, SP 53/18/65, SP 53/18/66; Mylles to Walsingham, 23 July 1586, SP 53/18/69, SP 53/18/70; and Mylles to Walsingham, 24 July 1586, SP 53/18/71, SP 53/18/72. Paulet's letter to Walsingham, 29 July 1586, is SP 53/18/89, Morris (1874), 246–7. Paulet to Phelippes, 29 July 1586, is SP 53/18/88, Morris (1874), 246. The postscript in cipher to the ‘bloody letter' is SP 53/18/55, endorsed without a date by Thomas Phelippes as ‘The postscript of the Scots Queen's letter to Babington'. The postscript is deciphered using the cipher key in SP 12/193/54, Richards (1974), 54–5. See Tytler (1828–43), 8:439–51, Morris (1874), 236–43, Pollen (1922), 26–37, and Read (1925), 3:1–70. On the preparations for Ballard's arrest at the Castle tavern, see Berden to Mylles, [28 July 1586], SP 53/18/82, and Mylles to Walsingham, 29 July 1586, SP 53/18/90. Berden's watcher was ‘young Paynter', who may have been Robert Paynter: see William Sterrell to Phelippes, [1594], SP 12/250/61. The Castle tavern is described in Stow (1908), 1:193. The date of Babington's receipt of the ‘bloody letter' is from the official copy of Babington to Mary Queen of Scots, 3/13 Aug 1586, SP53/19/10, Pollen
(1922), 46–7. The cipher alphabet used by Babington and Mary is SP 12/193/54, subscribed to by Babington on 1 Sep 1586 and by Gilbert Curll. A proposed new cipher between Mary and Babington is set out in BL Additional MS 48027 f. 313v. On the serving man in a blue coat see Babington's first confession, 18–20 Aug 1586, BL Additional MS 48027 f. 300v, Pollen (1922), 64. For ‘homely' see
OED
and Crystal and Crystal (2002), 225. On blue as a colour for servants' livery see Cunnington and Cunnington (1970), 196. Walsingham's letter to Phelippes, 30 July 1586, is SP 53/18/92. Poley's account of his meeting with Babington on 30 July 1586 is from SP 53/19/26. Babington's recollection of what Poley had said about killing Elizabeth is from his second confession, 20 Aug 1586, BL Additional MS 48027 f. 303r, Pollen (1922), 69. On the deciphering of Mary's letters by Babington and Chidiocke Tycheborne see Babington's second confession, BL Additional MS 48027 f. 304v, Pollen (1922), 75, and Phelippes's examination of Tycheborne, 12 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/42. Poley's account of 31 July and 1 Aug 1586 is from SP 53/19/26. Walsingham's letter to Phelippes ordering the apprehension of Ballard and Babington, 2 Aug 1586, is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 140r–v. Phelippes's letter to Walsingham, 2 Aug 1586, is SP 53/19/3.