The Watchers (55 page)

Thomas Phelippes's report of his near capture of Anthony Babington is from his letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 3 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/6. Robert Poley's account of his meeting with Babington on 2 Aug 1586 is SP 53/19/26. On those conspirators who had seen Mary Queen of Scots's letter to Babington see Pollen (1922), 75. Walsingham's notes of Gilbert Gifford's disappearance are from his letters to Phelippes, 3 Aug 1586, BL Cotton MS Appendix L ff. 143r–v, 144r, Pollen (1922), 132–3, 135–6. Francis Mylles's report to Walsingham that Babington had moved his lodgings to Bishopsgate Without, 3 Aug 1586, is SP 53/19/4. Poley's conversation and meeting with Babington on the morning of 3 Aug 1586 are from SP 53/19/26. Walsingham's first surviving letter of 3 Aug 1586 is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 141r–v, Pollen (1922), 132–3. Phelippes's letter to Walsingham, 3 Aug 1586, is SP 53/19/6. Probably Walsingham's second letter to Phelippes of 3 Aug 1586, is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 141r–v, Pollen (1922), 134. Poley's account of his meeting with Walsingham on 3 Aug 1586 is from his narrative, SP 53/19/26. Walsingham's letter to Phelippes on his interview with Poley (probably his third from 3 Aug 1586) is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 143r–v, Pollen (1922), 135. Nicholas Berden's report to Mylles on the movements of Babington and his friends, [4 Aug 1586], is SP 53/19/13. Mylles's account of
John Ballard's capture is from his letter to Walsingham, 4 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/14. The summary of the treasons of Ballard and Babington is from the ‘breviate' prepared by Edward Barker, a public notary who attended the conspirators' examinations: BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 353r–355v. Babington's letter to Poley, [4 Aug 1586], is BL Lansdowne MS 49 f. 63r. The minute of Walsingham's letter to Queen Elizabeth, [5 Aug 1586], is SP 53/19/17. Robert Southwell's characterization of the Babington Plot is from [Southwell] [1600], 39–40 (sig. C5r–v). Lord Burghley's draft proclamation for the arrest of Babington and Chidiocke Tycheborne, 2 Aug 1586, is BL Lansdowne MS 49 ff. 61r–62v, Hughes and Larkin (1964–9), 2:525–6. See also Walsingham's interrogatories for Mistress Good, 7 Aug 1586, SP 12/192/15; the examination of William Leighe, 9 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/28; the information of Swythune Welles, 9 Aug 1586, SP 12/192/18; and the information of Christopher Dunne, 10 Aug 1586, SP 12/192/21. Phelippes's note on the interrogation of John Savage on 11 Aug 1586 is SP 53/19/38. See also the copy in BL Cotton MS Caligula C.9 ff. 406r–409r. On the capture and imprisonment of Babington and his co–conspirators see Pollen (1922), clxx–clxxiii, and Harrison (2004), 248–52. The texts of Babington's confessions, 18 Aug–8 Sep 1586, are BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 296r–313r (also SP 53/19/91 for 6 Sep 1586), Pollen (1922), 49–97; those of Ballard, 16 and 18 Aug 1586, Pollen (1922), 137–9; and those of John Savage, 8 Aug 1586, SP53/19/24 (articles), 10 and 11 Aug 1586, BL Cotton MS Caligula C.9 ff. 406r–407v, 408r–409v, SP 53/19/38, SP 53/19/39. See also the confessions of Jane Tycheborne, 10 and 11 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/35, SP 53/19/36; the examination of Peter Blake (or Blague), 11 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/39, SP 53/19/40; Phelippes's articles for Chidiocke Tycheborne, [12 Aug 1586], SP 53/19/37; the confessions of Chidiocke Tycheborne, 12 and 13 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/42, SP 12/192/33; the examination of Thomas Hewes, 13 Aug 1586, SP 12/192/34; Mylles's letter to Walsingham, 13 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/44; the confession of John Chernock, 14 Aug 1586, SP 12/192/14; and the questions put to Babington and Dunne, [?15 Aug 1586], SP 53/19/43. Gilbert Gifford's letters from Paris in Aug and Sep 1586 are: to Phelippes, 15/25 Aug 1586, SP53/19/45; to Walsingham, 15/25 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/46; and to Walsingham, 3/13 Sep 1586, SP 53/19/82. John Gifford's letter to Phelippes, 14 Sep 1586, is SP53/19/101. On the efforts of Burghley and Walsingham to gather evidence against the Queen of Scots see Nicasius Yetsweirt to Walsingham, 19 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/47, Morris (1874), 259–61; Yetsweirt to Walsingham, 21 Aug 1586, SP 53/19/50, Morris (1874), 261–3; the attestations by Babington and others of cipher keys, 1, 5 and 6 Sep 1586, SP 12/193/54, Pollen (1922), 139; Claude Nau to the Privy Council, 3 Sep 1586, SP 53/19/78; Walsingham to Phelippes, 4 Sep 1586, SP 53/19/83; Phelippes's notes on the evidence gathered
against Mary Queen of Scots, 4 Sep 1586, SP53/19/84; Phelippes's paper on the privity to conspiracy of Nau and Curll, 4 Sep 1586, SP53/19/85; Burghley to Sir Christopher Hatton, 4 Sep 1586, Read (1909), 42–4; William Waad to Phelippes, 7 Sep 1586, SP53/19/94; Walsingham to Phelippes, 9 Sep 1586, SP53/19/95; Nau's confession, 9 Sep 1586, Pollen (1922), 141–2; Walsingham to Phelippes, 10 Sep 1586, SP53/19/96; Nau's confession, 21 Sep 1586, Pollen (1922), 144–5; Gilbert Curll's confessions, 21 and 23 Sep 1586, Pollen (1922), 143–4, 146–7. See also three undated papers: Walsingham's note of the names of the confederates, SP12/192/17; the plan for their arrest, SP53/18/34; and an inventory of Babington's books, including works by Richard Bristow, Edmund Campion, Robert Persons and Nicholas Sander, BL Lansdowne MS 50 ff. 167r–168r. Elizabeth's conversation with Burghley about the punishment of Babington and his confederates is from Burghley to Hatton, 12 Sep 1586, BL Egerton MS 2124 f. 28r–v, Read (1909), 45–6. See also
State Trials
, 1:1156–8. On the executions of Babington, 20 and 21 Sep 1586, see BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 263r–271v; and BL Harley MS 290 ff. 170r–173v. On the first session of the commission at Fotheringhay Castle see Steuart (1951), Guy (2004), ch. 29, and Alford (2008), chs. 17, 18. On the commission's proceedings in Star Chamber, 25 Oct 1586, see Steuart (1951) and Guy (2004), ch. 29. The court and parliamentary politics of Mary's death warrant are discussed by Alford (2008), ch. 18. On William Davison see Wernham (1931) and
ODNB
.

On reactions in Europe to Mary Queen of Scots's execution and on her phantom will see Parker (1998), 191, and Carroll (2009), 265–6. The paper by William Allen and Robert Persons on King Philip of Spain's claim to the English throne,
c
. Mar 1587, is printed in Hicks (1942), 295–303. Allen's quotation ‘We put not our trust in princes' is from [Allen] (1581), f. 110. King Philip's reference from 1559 to the evil taking place in England is from Parker (1998), 148. Sir William Cecil's policy paper of 1569, ‘A short memorial', is CP 157/2–7. The quotation by Thomas Hobbes is from
Leviathan
(1651), ch. 13. On the debate over Spanish aggression in Oct 1584 see Alford (2008), 255–6. Burghley wrote other papers on 10 Oct 1584, CP 163/50–4. Walsingham's paper on Spain,
c
. Mar 1585, is SP 12/177/58, discussed by Parker (1998), 175. Spanish policy and planning with the Pope on England is from Parker (1998), 179–82. See also the important essay by Calvar (1990). King Philip's invasion plan of 1586 is from Parker (1998), 182–8. See also Jensen (1988). On William Allen's support for the ‘Enterprise of England' see
Duffy (2002) and Knox (1882), lxxv–cviii. On Sir William Stanley see Loomie (1963), ch. 5, and McCoog (1996), 230–3. Allen's pamphlet on Stanley is Allen (1587). On Allen, Spain, and Rome see McCoog (1996), 239–40, and Parker (1998), 191. The memorandum on succession and invasion by Allen and Robert Persons is printed in Hicks (1942), 295–303, and Knox (1882), xcvi–c, 281–6. Rodríguez-Salgado and Adams (1991) discusses the dynastic context of England and Spain in the 1580s. On Count Olivares and Allen see Knox (1882), c–cii. Allen's briefing paper of June 1587 is printed in Hicks (1942), 303–9. On Allen's promotion see Knox (1882), cii–cv. The text of the agreement between Sixtus V and Philip II is printed in Meyer (1967), 520–3, quotation at 522. The English translation is from McCoog (1996), 245. On negotiations between Rome and Philip see also Jensen (1988). The plans of Allen and Olivares for making appointments in the English Church are from Knox (1882), cvi–cvii. Allen's attack on Elizabeth is from [Allen] [1588a] and [Allen] 1588b. On
An Admonition
see McCoog (1996), 246–51, and Duffy (2002). See also Kingdon (1965). Burghley's letter to Walsingham, 12 June 1583, is SP 12/211/15. On intelligence of the Great Armada see Parker (1998), ch. 7. Walsingham's reference to the ‘Spanish brag' is from his letter to Burghley, 15 Jan 1586, BL Harley MS 6993 f. 125r–v. On Sir Horatio Palavicino see Stone (1956), ch. 6. On Anthony Standen and his career see Lea (1932) and Paul Hammer's biography in
ODNB
. The main points of a letter to be sent to Standen in Florence, probably Apr or May 1587, are SP 98/1/9. On Stephen Powle see Stern (1992), esp. chs. 4, 5. William Wynter's assessment on the likely success of a Spanish landing is from Wynter to Walsingham, 20 June 1588, SP 12/211/38. Palavicino's letter to Walsingham, 5 June 1588, is SP 12/211/6, discussed by Stone (1956), 21–2. On the actions of Sir Francis Drake, Martin Frobisher and John Hawkins see their biographies in the
ODNB
(by James Kelsey, James McDermott and Basil Morgan). The quotation by Lord Admiral Howard is from McDermott's biography of him in the
ODNB
. On the Armada and weather see Daultrey (1990). The celebratory verse on English victory over the Armada is from Doran (2003), 239. The Duke of Parma's words to Valentine Dale, 18 July 1588, are from Parker (1998), 212. On the political, economic, and social strains of the 1590s see Guy (1995), esp. introduction and chs. 1, 2, 3, 9.

Thomas Barnes's letter to Thomas Phelippes, 12 Mar 1590, is SP 15/31/131. On the work of Barnes and Phelippes see Barnes's confession, 17 Mar 1588, SP 12/199/86, Pollen (1922), 3–5, and his letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 17 Mar 1588, SP 53/21/26. A report of Barnes in Phelippes's hand, 31 May
1589, is SP 15/31/26. Charles Paget's questionnaire for Barnes, May 1589, is SP 15/31/27. The reply to this paper, written by Phelippes, June 1589, is also in SP 15/31/27. Phelippes's paper on Barnes's reply to Hugh Owen, 23 June 1589, is SP 15/31/32. Phelippes's reflection upon ‘the principal point in matter of intelligence' is from his letter to Sir Robert Cecil, 18 Apr 1600, SP 12/274/107. Stephen Phelippes's reference to the meeting between his brother and Barnes, 31 Jan 1602, is SP 12/283/21. Robert Poley's words on Sir Francis Walsingham's disease, spoken about 1586, are from the deposition of his sometime landlord, William Yeomans, 7 Jan 1589, SP 12/222/13. Walsingham's will is PROB 11/75 PCC Drury. On his debts see Read (1925), 3:443–5, Hasler (1981), 3:574, and
ODNB
. Lord Burghley's words on Walsingham's death are from his letter to Filiazzi, 30 June 1590, BL Lansdowne MS 103 f. 194r. William Allen's allegation of the ‘Machiavellian' methods practised by Elizabeth's government is from [Allen] (1588b), 23–4 (sigs. B4r–v). For the words spoken by Walsingham at the trial of the Queen of Scots see Alford (2008), 275. On the meanings of ‘curious' see
OED
and Crystal and Crystal (2002), 111. Robert Beale's account of Walsingham's system of espionage is from Read (1925), 1:435–6. Phelippes's decipher of Sir Francis Englefield to Doctor Barrett, 24 Jan/3 Feb 1590, is SP 15/31/102. On Walsingham's secret budget see Read (1925), 2:371, and the paper listing warrants paid between Apr 1585 and Dec 1589, SP 12/229/49. The reference to ‘The book of secret intelligences' is from Walsingham's ‘A memorial of things delivered out of my custody', SP 12/231/56. Burghley's paper of the ‘Names of intelligencers', Apr 1590, is SP 101/90 stamped f. 84r. The accounts of Henri Chasteau-Martin, Edmund Palmer and Edward James, as well as the references to the wife of Master Roures, June 1590, are from SP 78/21 stamped f. 243r. For the exchange rate between Spain and England see Loomie (1963), app. 3. See also Palmer to Walsingham, 31 Mar/10 Apr 1590, SP 78/21 stamped ff. 142r–143r, and Palmer to Walsingham, 13/23 Apr 1590, SP 78/21 stamped ff. 169r–171r. The ‘true copy' of Walsingham's letter to Edward James, dated 28 Mar 1590 (or 18/28 Mar 1590), is SP 78/21 stamped ff. 138r–v, 139v. On Chasteau-Martin and the audit conducted by Burghley and Heneage see Hammer (1999), 154–5. Burghley's memorial on the English Catholic émigrés, 7 Aug 1590, is SP 12/233/31. On Spanish pensions paid to English Catholics see Loomie (1963), app. 3. [Barnes] to [Phelippes], 31 May/10 June 1590, is SP 15/31/145. William Phelippes's will (1 May 1590) is PROB 11/77 PCC Sainberbe (5 Feb 1591). Phelippes's reference to ‘the Queen's privity' is from Phelippes to Sir Robert Cecil, 18 Apr 1600, SP 12/274/107. Phelippes's essay on ‘Present perils of the realm for Master Vice-chamberlain [prob. Sir Thomas Heneage]', n.d., is SP 12/201/61. William Sterrell to Thomas Phelippes, 18 Apr 1591, is SP 12/238/125. On Sterrell, Phelippes, the Earl of Essex and ‘matters of intelligence' see Hammer (1999), ch. 5. Sterrell's letter to Phelippes
about a meeting with Essex, [Apr 1591], is SP 12/238/137. See also Sterrell to Phelippes, [?15 Apr 1591], SP 12/238/119. Francis Bacon to Phelippes, [?Apr 1591], is SP 12/238/138. Burghley's letter to Phelippes concerning the packet sent from Dieppe, 5 June 1593, is SP 12/245/27.

Lord Burghley's quotation on service to the queen is from his letter to Sir Robert Cecil, 10 July 1598, CUL MS Ee.3.56 no. 138. On John Fixer and John Cecil alias John Snowden see Anstruther (1969), 63–8, 118. The description of Fixer is from a note of seminary priests signed by Richard Young,
c
. 1591, SP 12/229/78. The reference to Burghley's house is from Snowden to Sir Robert Cecil, 4 June 1591, SP 12/239/12. Snowden's statement, 21 May 1591, is SP 12/238/160. Fixer's statement of the same date is SP 12/238/162. The details of Robert Persons's courier system are from Snowden's second statement, 22 May 1591, SP 12/238/167. See also Edwards (1995), ch. 9. On Spanish preparations for an invading fleet after the Armada of 1588 see Parker (1998), ch. 10. Burghley's questions for Snowden and Fixer, 22 May 1591, are SP 12/238/165. Snowden's second statement, 22 May 1591, is SP 12/238/167. Fixer's second statement, 22 May 1591, does not obviously match Burghley's questions in SP 12/238/163. Snowden's statement of 23 May 1591 is SP 12/238/168. Snowden's note of his books and papers aboard
The Adulphe
, [23] May 1591, is SP 12/238/169. On the writings of Robert Persons in the early 1590s see Houliston (2001) and
ODNB
and on those of Robert Southwell in the same period see
ODNB
and Brown (1973). Burghley's questions of [25] May 1591 are SP 12/238/178. Snowden's statement of 25 May 1591 is SP12/238/179. Snowden's letter to Burghley, 26 May 1591, is SP 12/238/180. His list of priests, [26 May] 1591, is SP 12/238/181. Sir Robert Cecil's letter to Snowden, 1 June 1591, is SP 12/239/3. See also Cecil's letter to Burghley, 2 June 1591, CP 168/25. Snowden to Cecil, 4 June 1591, is SP 12/239/12. Snowden to Cecil, 12 June 1591, is SP 12/239/26. Snowden to Cecil, 20 June 1591, is SP 12/239/46. Snowden to Cecil, 3 July 1591, is SP 12/239/78. [Persons] to Doctor Barret, 28 Oct/7 Nov 1590, is CP 167/113, noted in an undated summary of intercepted letters, SP 15/31/167. Persons to John Cecil and John Fixer, 3/13 Apr 1591, is CP 168/13. Snowden to Sir Robert Cecil, 7 July 1591, is SP 12/239/87. Snowden to Cardinal Allen, 2 Oct 1592, is SP 52/50 ff. 104v–105r, printed in Anstruther (1969). Snowden to Cecil, [?30 Dec 1595], is SP 12/155/22. See also Snowden to Cecil, n.d., SP 12/239/88. On the allegations made against Cecil alias Snowden by the Jesuit William Crichton see Anstruther (1969). On suspicions about Cecil alias Snowden in May 1597 see Petti (1959), 254–5. See also Snowden to Cecil, 14 Feb 1594, CP 169/37.