The Year that Changed the World (41 page)

Oberdorfer, Don,
225

Office on Intra-German Affairs concerning Deutsche Einheit,
24

O'Neill, Jim,
238

O'Neill, Paul,
237

One Percent Solution
(Suskind),
237

Onyszkiewicz, Janusz,
225
,
230
,
233

Operation Fortitude,
28

Orban, Viktor,
87
–88

Order No.
2
,
25

Orient Express,
203

Ossies,
118

Ostpolitik,
23

Palach, Jan,
139

Palmer, Mark,
63
,
144
,
233

Pan Am flight
103
,
39

Pan-European Picnic (1989),
97
–104,
106
,
116
,
124
,
144
,
231
–232

Papi (Erich Honecker).
See
Honecker, Erich (Papi)

passports,
8
–9,
101
–102,
165

People's Militia (GDR),
151
,
181
,
185
–186

People's Picnic (1989),
66
–67

People's Republic of China.
See
China

Perestroika
(Gorbachev),
12
–13,
222
–223

perestroika (reform),
4
,
12
–13,
29
–30,
37
,
71
,
157
,
227

Perle, Richard,
13
,
61
–62

Philippsthal,
18

Pilsudski, Marshal,
132

Plauen, rise of opposition,
158

Poland

G. H. W. Bush and,
83
,
94
–95,
232

command economy of,
129
–130

communist declaration of martial law (1981),
35
–36,
43
–51

democracy in,
58
–61,
79
–84,
94
,
110
,
128
–133,
225
–226,
229
–230

denouement,
205

embrace of capitalism in,
37

fall of communism in,
28
,
35
–36,
43
–54,
125
,
128
–133,
137
,
139
–140,
205

first free elections since World War II,
58
–61

martial law in,
35
–36,
43
–51

political prisoners in,
49

revolution of 1989,
47
–54

Round Table (1989),
35
,
47
,
49
,
50
–54,
58
–63,
80
,
82
–83,
129
,
141

Solidarity in.
See
Solidarity (Poland)

Soviet Union and,
44
–45,
81
,
225
–226

uprisings of 1980–1981,
43
–46,
48
,
91

Warsaw Pact and,
127

during World War II,
44
–45
See also
Warsaw

Politburo

Czech,
184
,
187
–189

East German,
6
–7,
26
,
93
,
116
,
120
,
123
,
134
,
135
,
140
–141,
148
–150,
155
–156,
165
–170

Hungarian,
33
,
34

Soviet,
73
See also
communism

Politics of Diplomacy, The
(Baker),
227
,
231

Politika
(journal),
132

Pol Pot,
23

Pond, Elizabeth,
227
,
234

Popieluszko, Jerzy,
51

Post-American World, The
(Zakaria),
217
,
238

Potsdamer Platz (Berlin),
15
,
170
–171,
204

Power Rules
(Gelb),
219
,
238

Pozsgay, Imre

background of,
33
–34

fall of communism in Hungary and,
144
–145,
206
–207,
230
–231,
233

Hungarian revolt of 1956 and,
34
–35

as “Hungary's Gorbachev,”
33
–38

Pan-European Picnic (1989) and,
97
–104

reburial of Imre Nagy and,
85
–88

Prague

fall of communism in,
28
,
139
–142,
143
–145

Narodni Street,
176
–177,
183
–184,
187
,
190

Prague Spring (1968),
39
,
45

refugees from GDR and,
122
–123,
135
,
141
,
148

Velvet Revolution (1989),
170
,
173
,
175
–190
See also
Czechoslovakia

Presley, Elvis,
132
,
135

Price of Loyalty, The
(O'Neill and Suskind),
237

Private Poland, The
(Wedel),
51
,
225

private property,
206

Protestantism,
68

proxy wars,
210

Radio Free Europe,
33
,
99

Rakowski, Mieczyslaw,
81
,
131
,
137

Rather, Dan,
183

Reagan, Ronald

Berlin Wall speech (1987),
2
–5,
9
–14,
16
,
27
,
215
–216,
222

G. W. Bush admiration for,
1
–2,
215
–216,
221
–222

death of,
222

at Geneva conference (1985),
12

Gorbachev and,
12
–13

leaves office of president,
39
–40

nuclear disarmament and,
12
–13,
229
,
237
–238

at Reykjavik conference (1986),
12

visits Moscow (1987),
14

at Westminster Palace, London (1982),
2

Reagan Ampitheater, National Endowment for Democracy,
2

Reagan's Disciple
(Cannon and Cannon),
221
–222

realpolitik, in Hungary,
41

Reappraisals
(Judt),
238

Rebuilding a House Divided
(Genscher),
105
,
229
,
232

Red Storm Rising
(Clancy),
89

Reform
(magazine),
35

Reich, Jens,
172
–173

Reichstag (Berlin),
15
,
235

Revolutions of 1989, The
(Tismaneanu),
236

Revolutions of ‘89
(Ash),
225

Rhodes, Richard,
225

Rice, Condoleezza,
40
,
60
,
63
,
76
,
227
–229,
231
,
232
,
234

Richie, Alexandra,
25

Rise of the Vulcans
(Mann),
13
,
222

Robinson, Peter,
10

Robinson, Peter M.,
222

Rock ‘n' roll,
22

Rohringshof,
18
–19

Romania,
191
–201

death of Ceaucescu,
110
,
192
–193

denouement,
203

fall of communism in,
105
–111,
193
–201

Timisoara uprising,
191
,
193
–194,
195
,
197
–198,
200
–201

as totalitarian state,
14
,
25
,
92
,
105
–111

uprising against oppression,
110
,
170
,
173
–174,
193
–201

Warsaw Pact summit (1989),
91
–95
See also
Bucharest

Romanian Revolution of December

1989, The
(Siani-Davies),
236

Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
2
,
214
,
229

Roosevelt, Theodore,
1

Rosenberg, Tina,
225

Rosler, Silvio,
154

Round Table (1989; Poland),
35
,
47
,
49
,
50
–54,
58
–63,
80
,
82
–83,
129
,
141

Ruller, Thomas,
139

Russia.
See
Soviet Union, former

Sadat, Anwar,
200

St. Margarethen, Austria,
102

St. Nikolaus Cathedral (Prague),
142

Saint Sebastian,
2

Sakharov, Andrei,
36

samizdat,
32

Schabowski, Gunter

collapse of GDR and,
165
–173,
204
–205,
234
–235

fall of Berlin Wall and,
7
–10,
65
,
69
–70,
91
,
165
–173,
223
,
234

Politburo and,
140
–141,
148
–150,
165
–173

refugees from GDR and,
116
–117,
120
,
123
–124,
133
–135,
232

repudiation of communism,
204
–205

rise of opposition in GDR,
155
–156,
158

at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989),
93
–94

Schirndling,
160

Schmidt, Helmut,
119

Schultz, George,
61

Schultz, Kurt-Werner,
103

Schumacher, Hans,
236

Schurer, Gerhard,
164
,
235

Schwartz, Stephen,
224

Schwerin, bank runs in,
165

Scoblic, Peter,
237
–238

Scowcroft, Brent,
9
,
40
,
60
,
61
,
95
,
224
–225,
227
,
231
,
232

SEATO,
21

secret police,
11
–12,
25
,
53
,
65
,
104
,
106
,
114
,
134
–136,
140
,
151
–152,
157
,
191
,
194
–198,
201

Securitate (secret police in Romania),
106
,
191
,
194
–198,
201

September
11
, 2001,
2
,
215

Shevardnadze, Eduard,
148

fall of Berlin Wall and,
90
–91

German reunification proposal and,
125
–126

refugees from GDR and,
118

replaces Gromyko,
12

Shultz, George,
75
,
227

Siani-Davies, Peter,
236

Sicherman, Harvey,
227

Siegessäule (Berlin),
15

Sieland, Gisela,
19

Skoda, Jan,
185

Skoda autoworks,
185

Sleepwalking through History
(Hutchings),
227

Slum Clearance
(Havel),
206

Smith, Stephen,
128
,
141
–142

socialism

Gorbachev and,
56

as term,
224

Socialist Unity Party,
26

Society for a Merrier Present (Czechoslovakia),
139

soft power,
13
–14

Solidarity (Poland)

elections of 1989,
79
–84,
128
–133,
225
–226,
229
–230,
233

fall of communism and,
28
,
32
,
35
–36

Jaruzelski embraces,
45
–46,
50
–54,
205

origins of,
47
,
52
,
94

in revolution of 1989,
47
–54

rise of,
50
–54,
58
–61

uprising of 1980,
43
–46

Somalia,
210

Sopron, Hungary, Pan-European Picnic (1989),
97
–104

Soviet Union, former

ascent of Gorbachev within,
11
–14,
25

Brezhnev Doctrine and,
39
,
45
,
63

collapse of,
5
,
14
,
45
,
62
,
71
,
204

fall of Berlin Wall,
5
–10,
90
–91

fall of communism in Czechoslovakia,
28

fall of communism in Hungary,
28
,
29
–39,
41
–42,
66
–74

fall of communism in Poland,
28

flaws of Soviet system,
11
–12

Hungarian revolt of 1956,
34
–35

Hungary and,
38

impact of Cold War and.
See
Cold War

as military power,
211

nuclear disarmament and,
55
–58,
207

Poland and,
44
–45,
81
,
225
–226

Reagan's Berlin Wall speech (1987) and,
2
–5,
9
–14,
27