The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (48 page)

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53. “What’s Moving: U.S. Auto Sales,”
Wall Street Journal,
May 1, 2013, http://online.wsj.com
/mdc//files/04/82/44/f048244/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html.

54. Erick Schonfeld, “What Media Company Gained the Most Market Share in 2007? (Hint: It Starts with a G),”
TechCrunch,
March 14, 2008, http://techcrunch.com/2008/03/14/what-media-com
pany-gained-the-most-market-share-in-2007-hint-it-starts-with-a-g/ (accessed June 8, 2013).

55. Andrea Alegria, Agata Kaczanowska, and Lauren Setar, “Highly Concentrated: Companies That Dominate Their Industries,”
IBIS World,
February 2012, 1–2, 4, http://www.ibisworld.com/Com
mon/MediaCenter/Highly%20Concentrated%20Industries.pdf (accessed February 22, 2013).

56. “Global IB Revenue Ranking—01 Jan-10 Jun 2013,” Dealogic, http://fn.dealogic.com/fn/IB
Rank.htm (accessed June 14, 2013).

57. “The World’s Top 50 Economies: 44 Countries, Six Firms,” Democratic Leadership Council, http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cie5ae.html?kaid=10 (accessed 14 July 2010).

Chapter 4

1. Robert S. Hoyt,
Europe in the Middle Ages,
2nd ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 300.

2. Max Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(1930; reprint, London: Routledge, 2005).

3. John Locke,
Two Treatises of Government
(London: Printed for Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross; and C. Brown, Duke Street, Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, 1821), §27.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., §37.

6. Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
ed. Edwin Cannan (London: Methuen, 1961), 1:475.

7. R. H. Tawney,
The Acquisitive Society
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1920), 13, 18.

8. Max Weber,
From Max Weber: Essays in
Sociology,
eds. and trans. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 51.

9. Richard Schlatter,
Private Property: The History of an Idea
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1951), 185.

10. David Hume,
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of
Morals
(London: Printed for A. Millar, 1751).

11. Schlatter,
Private Property,
242.

12. Jeremy Bentham, “Pannomial Fragments,”
in
The Works of Jeremy Bentham, Now First Collected; Under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring—Part IX,
ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1839), 221; Jeremy Bentham, “Principles of the Civil Code,” in
The
Works of Jeremy Bentham, Now First Collected; Under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring—Part II,
ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1839), 309.

13. Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man: And Selection in Relation to Sex,
Project Gutenberg, 1999, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2300/pg2300.html (accessed June 20, 2013).

14. Ibid.

15. Herbert Spencer,
The Principles of Biology
(London: Williams and Norgate, 1864), 1:444–45.

16. Charles Darwin,
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
(London: John Murray, 1899), 1:6.

17. Stephen Jay Gould, “Darwin’s Untimely Burial,” in
Philosophy of Biology,
ed. Michael Ruse (New York: Prometheus Books, 1998), 93–98.

18. Janet Browne,
Charles Darwin: The Power of Place
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 2:186.

19. Thomas Paine, “Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s Attack on the French Revolution,” in
The Political Works of Thomas Paine
(New York: C. Blanchard, 1860).

Chapter 5

1. “Solar 101: Solar Economics,” States Advancing Solar, http://www.statesadvancingsolar.org
/solar-101/solar-economics (accessed January 31, 2014); “Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 1, 2001, www.nrel.gov/wind/docs/spread
_sheet_Final.xls (accessed October 22, 2013).

2. “Productivity,” Merriam-Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/productivity.

3. Moses Abramovitz,
Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 133.

4. Robert U. Ayres and Edward H. Ayres,
Crossing the Energy Divide: Moving from Fossil Fuel Dependence to a Clean-Energy Future
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2010), 14.

5. Rachael Larimore, “Why ‘You Didn’t Build That’ Isn’t Going Away,”
Slate,
August 30, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/08/_you_didn_t_build_that_it
_doesn_t_matter_what_obama_meant_to_say_but_what_people_heard_.html (accessed July 13, 2013).

6. Robert U. Ayres and Benjamin Warr,
The Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity
(Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009), 334–37.

7. John A. “Skip” Laitner, Steven Nadel, R. Neal Elliott, Harvey Sachs, and A Siddiq Khan, “The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential: What the Evidence Suggests,” American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, January 2012, http://www.garrisoninstitute.org/downloads/ecology
/cmb/Laitner_Long-Term_E_E_Potential.pdf, 2 (accessed September 21, 2013).

8. Ibid., 66.

9. “How Many Smart Meters are Installed in the US and Who Has Them?,”
US Energy Information Administration,
last modified January 10, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq
.cfm?id=108&t=3 (accessed October 12, 2013).

10. Brian Merchant, “With a Trillion Sensors, the Internet of Things Would Be the ‘Biggest Business in the History of Electronics,’” Motherboard, November 2013, http://motherboard.vice.com
/blog/the-internet-of-things-could-be-the-biggest-business-in-the-history-of-electronics (accessed
November 14, 2013).

11. “Data, Data Everywhere,”
Economist,
February 25, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node
/15557443 (accessed September 18, 2013); Joe Hellerstein, “Parallel Programming in the Age of Big Data,”
GigaOM,
November 9, 2008, http://gigaom.com/2008/11/09/mapreduce-leads-the
-way-for-parallel-programming/ (accessed September 18, 2013).

12. S. Mitchell, N. Villa, M.S. Weeks, and A. Lange, “The Internet of Everything for Cities,” Cisco, 2013, http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/ps/motm/IoE-Smart-City_PoV.pdf (accessed on October 31, 2013).

13. Peter C. Evans and Marco Annunziata, “Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines,” General Electric, November 26, 2012, http://www.ge.com/sites/default/files
/Industrial_Internet.pdf, 4 (accessed January 5, 2013).

14. Ibid., 24.

15. “The Internet of Things Business Index: A Quiet Revolution Gathers Pace,”
The Economist Intelligence Unit
(2013), 10, http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/EIU_Internet_Business_Index_WEB
.PDF (accessed October 29, 2013).

16. Ibid.

17. “The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,”
Economist
(August 13, 2010), http://www.econo
mist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. “Conclusions of the Internet of Things Public Consultation,” Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative, February 28, 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclu
sions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21, 2013).

22. “Internet of Things Factsheet Privacy and Security: IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security,” Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative (February 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21. 2013).

23. Ibid., 5.

24. Ibid., 7.

25. “The Internet of Things Business Index,” 11.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid., 14, 16.

28. Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,”
Electronics
38(8) (April 19, 1965): 115.

29. Michio Kaku, “Tweaking Moore’s Law: Computers of the Post-Silicon Era,”
Big Think,
March 7, 2012, http://bigthink.com/videos/tweaking-moores-law-computers-of-the-post-silicon-era-2 (October 1, 2013).

30. Gail Robinson, “Speeding Net Traffic with Tiny Mirrors,”
EE Times,
September 26, 2000, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1142186 (accessed November 6, 2013).

31. “Early Computers 1960’s,”
Pimall,
2006, http://www.pimall.com/nais/pivintage/burroughs
computer.html (accessed November 7, 2013); “Study: Number of Smartphone Users Tops 1 Billion,”
CBS News,
October 17, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57534583/ (accessed November 7, 2013).

32. Robert D. Atkinson et al., “The Internet Economy 25 Years After.Com,”
The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation,
March 2010, 9, http://www.itif.org/files/2010-25-years.pdf (accessed August 13, 2013).

33. Fred Kaplan,
1959: The Year Everything Changed
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2009), 82; Mark W. Greenia,
History of Computing: An Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History,
Lexikon Services, January 1, 1998; “Reference/FAQ/Products and Services,” IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/reference/faq_0000000011.html (accessed November 7, 2013).

34. “The Raspberry Pi in Scientific Research,”
Raspberry Pi,
April 25, 2013, http://www.raspberry
pi.org/archives/tag/research (accessed September 19, 2013).

35. “Cray 1-A: 1977–1989,” Computer and Information Systems Laboratory, 2009, http://www.cisl
.ucar.edu/computers/gallery/cray/cray1.jsp (accessed March 7, 2013).

36. Ramez Naam, “Smaller, Cheaper, Faster: Does Moore’s Law Apply to Solar Cells?,”
Scientific American
(blog), March 16, 2011, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/03/16
/smaller-cheaper-faster-does-moores-law-apply-to-solar-cells (accessed June 19, 2013).

37. “Sunshot Vision Study—February 2012,” U.S. Department of Energy, February 2012, www1
.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/47927.pdf, 74 (accessed April 8, 2013); Eric Wesoff, “First
Solar Surprised with Big 2013 Guidance, 40 Cents per Watt,”
GreenTechMedia,
April 9, 2013, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/First-Solar-Surprises-With-Big-2013-Guidance
-40-Cents-Per-Watt-Cost-by-201 (May 6, 2013).

38. Hariklia Deligianni, Shafaat Ahmed, and Lubomyr Romankiw, “The Next Frontier: Electrodeposition for Solar Cell Fabrication,” Electrochemical Society (summer 2011): 47.

39. Naam, “Smaller, Cheaper, Faster.”

40. Peter Hockenos, “Germany’s Grid and the Market: 100 Percent Renewable by 2050?,”
Renewable Energy World,
November 21, 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog
/post/2012/11/ppriorities-germanys-grid-and-the-market (November 1, 2013); Jeevan Vasagar, “German Farmers Reap Benefits of Harvesting Renewable Energy,”
Financial Times,
December 2, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bc3958-58f4-11e3-9798-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2nMj6ILk2 (accessed December 13, 2013).

41. Josiah Neeley, “Texas Windpower: Will Negative Pricing Blow Out the Lights? (PTC vs. Reliable New Capacity),”
MasterResource,
November 27, 2012, http://www.masterresource
.org/2012/11/texas-negative-pricing-ptc/ (accessed August 2, 2013).

42. Rachel Morison, “Renewables Make German Power Market Design Defunct, Utility Says,”
Bloomberg,
June 26, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-26/renewables-make
-german-power-market-design-defunct-utility-says.html (accessed April 29, 2013).

43. Nic Brisbourne, “Solar Power—A Case Study in Exponential Growth,”
The Equity Kicker,
September 25, 2012, http://www.theequitykicker.com/2012/09/25/solar-powera-case-study-in
-exponential-growth/ (accessed May 27, 2013).

44. Max Miller, “Ray Kurzweil: Solar Will Power the World in 16 Years,”
Big Think,
March 17, 2011, http://bigthink.com/think-tank/ray-kurzweil-solar-will-power-the-world-in-16-years (accessed June 1, 2013).

45. Eric Wesoff, “Mainstream Media Discovers Solar Power and Moore’s Law,”
Greentech Media,
November 8, 2011, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles /read/Mainstream-Media-Discov
ers-Solar-Power-and-Moores-Law (accessed October 9, 2013).

46. Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson, “Evaluation of Global Wind Power,”
Journal of Geophysical Research
110, June 30, 2005, http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds
/2004jd005462.pdf (accessed March 3, 2013).

47. Rudolf Rechsteiner, “Wind Power in Context—A Clean Revolution in the Energy Sector,”
EnergyWatchGroup, December 2008, http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf
/2009-01_Wind_Power_Report.pdf (accessed November 4, 2013).

48. “Wind Power Experiencing Exponential Growth Globally,”
Renewable Energy Worldwide,
January 30, 2009, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/01/wind-power
-experiencing-exponential-growth-globally-54631 (accessed January 9, 2013).

49. Miller, “Ray Kurzweil.”

50. Greg Price, “How Much Does the Internet Cost to Run?,”
Forbes,
March, 14, 2012, http://
www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/03/14/how-much-does-the-internet-cost-to-run/ (accessed July
18, 2013).

51. “UN Projects 40% of World Will Be Online By Year End, 4.4 Billion Will Remain Unconnected,” UN News Centre, October 7, 2013, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46207&
Cr=internet&Cr1# (accessed November 7, 2013).

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