What Hath God Wrought (146 page)
Read What Hath God Wrought Online
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: #History, #United States, #19th Century, #Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies), #Modern, #General, #Religion
36. Bartlett,
Calhoun
, 130; Bemis,
Adams
, 76–77; Forbes, “Slavery and the Meaning of America,” 470–79.
Calhoun
, 130; Bemis,
Adams
, 76–77; Forbes, “Slavery and the Meaning of America,” 470–79.
37. See Piero Gleijeses, “The Limits of Sympathy,”
Journal of Latin American Studies
24 (1992): 481–505.
Journal of Latin American Studies
24 (1992): 481–505.
38. Hargreaves,
Presidency of Adams
, 91–112; George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York, 1952), 367–81.
Presidency of Adams
, 91–112; George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York, 1952), 367–81.
39. See Stephen Skowronek,
The Politics Presidents Make
(Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 110–28.
The Politics Presidents Make
(Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 110–28.
40. Floyd Miller,
The Search for a Black Nationality
(Urbana, Ill., 1975), 21–44; Lamin Sanneh,
Abolitionists Abroad
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 88–98.
The Search for a Black Nationality
(Urbana, Ill., 1975), 21–44; Lamin Sanneh,
Abolitionists Abroad
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 88–98.
41. Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820,
TJ: Writings
, 1434.
TJ: Writings
, 1434.
42. Douglas Egerton, “A New Look at the American Colonization Society,”
JER
5 (1985): 463–80.
JER
5 (1985): 463–80.
43. Many such cases of masters, mistresses, and slaves are described in Eric Burin,
Slavery and the Peculiar Solution
(Gainesville, Fla., 2005).
Slavery and the Peculiar Solution
(Gainesville, Fla., 2005).
44. See Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks, Feb. 4, 1824,
TJ: Writings,
1484–87.
TJ: Writings,
1484–87.
45. See Katherine Harris,
African and American Values: Liberia and West Africa
(London, 1985); William Freehling,
The Reintegration of American History
(New York, 1994), 138–57.
African and American Values: Liberia and West Africa
(London, 1985); William Freehling,
The Reintegration of American History
(New York, 1994), 138–57.
46. See Simon Schama,
Rough Crossings
(London, 2005).
Rough Crossings
(London, 2005).
47. Some of this support had actually lacked congressional authority; see Douglas Egerton, “Averting a Crisis,”
Civil War History
43 (1997), 142–56.
Civil War History
43 (1997), 142–56.
48. James Wesley Smith,
Sojourners in Search of Freedom
(Lanham, Md., 1987); Amos Beyan,
The American Colonization Society and the Creation of the Liberian State
(Lanham, Md., 1991); Antonio McDaniel,
Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Mortality Cost of Colonizing Liberia
(Chicago, 1995), 60.
Sojourners in Search of Freedom
(Lanham, Md., 1987); Amos Beyan,
The American Colonization Society and the Creation of the Liberian State
(Lanham, Md., 1991); Antonio McDaniel,
Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Mortality Cost of Colonizing Liberia
(Chicago, 1995), 60.
49. James Horton and Lois Horton,
In Hope of Liberty
(New York, 1997), 189–91. Terry Alford,
Prince Among Slaves
(New York, 1977), treats the name Abdul Rahahman used by contemporaries as a form of Ibrahima (Abraham).
In Hope of Liberty
(New York, 1997), 189–91. Terry Alford,
Prince Among Slaves
(New York, 1977), treats the name Abdul Rahahman used by contemporaries as a form of Ibrahima (Abraham).
50. See Gary Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 233–45; Donald Wright,
African Americans in the Early Republic
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1993), 171–78; Mary Frances Berry and John Blassingame,
Long Memory: The Black Experience in America
(New York, 1982), 400.
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 233–45; Donald Wright,
African Americans in the Early Republic
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1993), 171–78; Mary Frances Berry and John Blassingame,
Long Memory: The Black Experience in America
(New York, 1982), 400.
51. “Speech Before American Colonization Society” (Jan. 20, 1825),
Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. Mary Hargreaves and James Hopkins (Lexington, Ky., 1981), VI, 83–97; David Brion Davis, “Reconsidering the Colonization Movement,”
Intellectual History Newsletter
14 (1992): 13, n. 1.
Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. Mary Hargreaves and James Hopkins (Lexington, Ky., 1981), VI, 83–97; David Brion Davis, “Reconsidering the Colonization Movement,”
Intellectual History Newsletter
14 (1992): 13, n. 1.
52. See Richard H. Brown, “The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
65 (1966), 66–67.
South Atlantic Quarterly
65 (1966), 66–67.
53. Freehling,
Secessionists at Bay
, 157–61; Egerton, “Averting a Crisis.”
Secessionists at Bay
, 157–61; Egerton, “Averting a Crisis.”
54. See, for example, Elizabeth Varon, “Evangelical Womanhood and the African Colonization Movement,” in
Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery
, ed. John McKivigan and Mitchell Snay (Athens, Ga., 1998), 169–95.
Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery
, ed. John McKivigan and Mitchell Snay (Athens, Ga., 1998), 169–95.
55. Wright,
African Americans
, 136; Robin Winks,
The Blacks in Canada
, 2nd ed. (Montreal, 1997), 233–40.
African Americans
, 136; Robin Winks,
The Blacks in Canada
, 2nd ed. (Montreal, 1997), 233–40.
56. Quoted in John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger,
Runaway Slaves
(New York, 1999), 294–95.
Runaway Slaves
(New York, 1999), 294–95.
57. Paul Goodman,
Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England
(New York, 1988), 4; Ronald Formisano and Kathleen Kutalowski, “Antimasonry and Masonry,”
American Quarterly
39 (1977): 139–65.
Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England
(New York, 1988), 4; Ronald Formisano and Kathleen Kutalowski, “Antimasonry and Masonry,”
American Quarterly
39 (1977): 139–65.
58. Steven Bullock,
Revolutionary Brotherhood
(Chapel Hill, 1996), 277–79, 313–16, quotation from 278;
Illustrations of Masonry, by One of the Fraternity
(New York, 1827).
Revolutionary Brotherhood
(Chapel Hill, 1996), 277–79, 313–16, quotation from 278;
Illustrations of Masonry, by One of the Fraternity
(New York, 1827).
59. Michael Holt,
Political Parties and American Political Development
(Baton Rouge, 1992), 90–94; Donald Ratcliffe, “Antimasonry and Partisanship in Greater New England,”
JER
15 (1995): 199–239.
Political Parties and American Political Development
(Baton Rouge, 1992), 90–94; Donald Ratcliffe, “Antimasonry and Partisanship in Greater New England,”
JER
15 (1995): 199–239.
60. Goodman,
Toward a Christian Republic
, 245.
Toward a Christian Republic
, 245.
61. For more on the Antimasonic Party, see Ronald Formisano,
The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s
(New York, 1983), 197–221.
The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s
(New York, 1983), 197–221.
62. See Kathleen Kutalowski, “Antimasonry Reexamined,”
JAH
71 (1984): 269–93.
JAH
71 (1984): 269–93.
63. On Van Buren, see Richard Hofstadter,
The Idea of a Party System
(Berkeley, 1969); for the Antimasonic Party, see Robert O. Rupp, “Antimasonry in New York Reconsidered,”
JER
8 (1988): 253–79.
The Idea of a Party System
(Berkeley, 1969); for the Antimasonic Party, see Robert O. Rupp, “Antimasonry in New York Reconsidered,”
JER
8 (1988): 253–79.
64. Daniel Howe,
The Political Culture of the American Whigs
(Chicago, 1979), 123–49; Clay quotation from Stephen Aron,
How the West Was Lost
(Baltimore, 1996), 134.
The Political Culture of the American Whigs
(Chicago, 1979), 123–49; Clay quotation from Stephen Aron,
How the West Was Lost
(Baltimore, 1996), 134.
65. See Maurice Baxter,
Henry Clay and the American System
(Lexington, Ky., 1995).
Henry Clay and the American System
(Lexington, Ky., 1995).
66. “Speech on the Tariff,” March 30–31, 1824,
Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James Hopkins (Lexington, Ky., 1963), III, 683–730.
Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. James Hopkins (Lexington, Ky., 1963), III, 683–730.
67. On this use of the term “American System,” see Robert Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York, 1991), 174–75.
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York, 1991), 174–75.
68. Richard Edwards, “Economic Sophistication in Nineteenth-Century Congressional Tariff Debates,”
Journal of Economic History
30 (1970): 802–38; James Huston, “Virtue, Equality, and the General Welfare in the Tariff Debates of the 1820s,”
JER
14 (1994): 523–48.
Journal of Economic History
30 (1970): 802–38; James Huston, “Virtue, Equality, and the General Welfare in the Tariff Debates of the 1820s,”
JER
14 (1994): 523–48.
69. Robert Remini,
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
(New York, 1959), 134–36; Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 293.
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
(New York, 1959), 134–36; Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 293.
70. Randall Miller, “Slavery in Antebellum Southern Textile Mills,”
Business History Review
55 (1981), 471–90; Carole Scott, “Why the Cotton Textile Industry Did Not Develop in the South Sooner,”
Agricultural History
68 (1994): 105–21.
Business History Review
55 (1981), 471–90; Carole Scott, “Why the Cotton Textile Industry Did Not Develop in the South Sooner,”
Agricultural History
68 (1994): 105–21.
71. Mark Bils, “Tariff Protection and Production in the Early U.S. Cotton Textile Industry,”
Journal of Economic History
44 (1984): 1033–45; Knick Harley, “International Competitiveness of the Antebellum American Cotton Textile Industry,” ibid. 52 (1992): 559–84.
Journal of Economic History
44 (1984): 1033–45; Knick Harley, “International Competitiveness of the Antebellum American Cotton Textile Industry,” ibid. 52 (1992): 559–84.
72. John James, “Welfare Effects of the Antebellum Tariff,”
Explorations in Economic History
15 (1978): 231–46, esp. 249; Knick Harley, “The Antebellum American Tariff,” ibid. 29 (1992): 375–400.
Explorations in Economic History
15 (1978): 231–46, esp. 249; Knick Harley, “The Antebellum American Tariff,” ibid. 29 (1992): 375–400.
73. This is the characterization of the historian who has studied the passage of the act most thoroughly, Robert Remini (
Henry Clay
, 329). Many contemporaries and later historians were reluctant to believe that Van Buren could really have intended the Tariff of Abominations to pass, but Remini has proved he did (
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
, 170–85).
Henry Clay
, 329). Many contemporaries and later historians were reluctant to believe that Van Buren could really have intended the Tariff of Abominations to pass, but Remini has proved he did (
Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party
, 170–85).
74. Sample election documents are reprinted in Arthur Schlesinger Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(New York, 1985), II, 437–91.
History of American Presidential Elections
(New York, 1985), II, 437–91.
75. On the transition in the method of electing presidents, see Michael Heale,
The Presidential Quest, 1787–1852
(London, 1982).
The Presidential Quest, 1787–1852
(London, 1982).
76. AJ to James Hamilton Jr., June 29, 1828,
Papers of Andrew Jackson
, ed. Harold Moser et al. (Knoxville, Tenn., 2002), VI, 476–77.
Papers of Andrew Jackson
, ed. Harold Moser et al. (Knoxville, Tenn., 2002), VI, 476–77.
77. Pointed out by Harry Watson,
Liberty and Power
(New York, 1990), 93.
Liberty and Power
(New York, 1990), 93.
78. See John William Ward,
Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age
(New York, 1955).
Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age
(New York, 1955).
79. Robert Remini,
The Election of 1828
(Philadelphia, 1963), 156.
The Election of 1828
(Philadelphia, 1963), 156.
80. Norma Basch, “Marriage, Morals, and Politics in the Election of 1828,”
JAH
80 (1993): 890–918; Remini,
Jackson, I
, 64–67.
JAH
80 (1993): 890–918; Remini,
Jackson, I
, 64–67.
81. Michael Birkner, “The General, the Secretary, and the President,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
42 (1983): 243–53.
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
42 (1983): 243–53.
82. Edwin Miles, “President Adams’ Billiard Table,”
New England Quarterly
45 (1972): 31–43; Ezra Stiles Ely,
The Duty of Christian Freemen to Elect Christian Magistrates
(Philadelphia, 1828).
New England Quarterly
45 (1972): 31–43; Ezra Stiles Ely,
The Duty of Christian Freemen to Elect Christian Magistrates
(Philadelphia, 1828).
83. Remini,
Election of 1828
, 153.
Election of 1828
, 153.
84. The classic analysis of this letter is Richard H. Brown, “The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
65 (1966): 55–72. The letter itself is in
Martin Van Buren Papers
(Library of Congress microfilm), ser. 2, reel 7, rpt. in Robert Remini, ed.,
The Age of Jackson
(New York, 1972), 3–7.
South Atlantic Quarterly
65 (1966): 55–72. The letter itself is in
Martin Van Buren Papers
(Library of Congress microfilm), ser. 2, reel 7, rpt. in Robert Remini, ed.,
The Age of Jackson
(New York, 1972), 3–7.
85. Voter participation figures are given at www.multied.com/elections/1828.html (viewed March 1, 2007).
86. See Richard P. McCormick,
The Second American Party System
(Chapel Hill, 1966).
The Second American Party System
(Chapel Hill, 1966).
87. For careful analyses of the election of 1828, see Richard R. John, “Affairs of Office,” in
The Democratic Experiment
, ed. Meg Jacobs et al. (Princeton, 2003), 50–85; and Lee Benson,
Toward the Scientific Study of History
(Philadelphia, 1972), 40–50.
The Democratic Experiment
, ed. Meg Jacobs et al. (Princeton, 2003), 50–85; and Lee Benson,
Toward the Scientific Study of History
(Philadelphia, 1972), 40–50.
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