Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom (190 page)

A study by Bacon and colleagues found that many women with breast cancer frequently were unable to discharge or deal appropriately with their anger, aggressive ness, or hostility. Often these women covered up such feelings with a façade of pleasantness. Women with breast cancer frequently responded with “denial and unrealistic sacrifice” to resolve hostile conflict with their mothers. See C. L. Bacon et al., “A Psychosomatic Survey of Cancer of the Breast,”
Psychosomatic Medicine,
vol. 14, no. 6 (1952), pp. 453–59.

See also C. B. Bahnson, “Stress and Cancer: The State of the Art,”
Psychosomatics,
vol. 22, no. 3 (1981), pp. 207–20.

5
. Sandra Levy et al., “Perceived Social Support and Tumor Estrogen Progesterone Receptor Status as Predictors of Natural Killer Cell Activity in Breast Cancer Patients,”
Psychosomatic Medicine,
vol. 51 (1990), pp. 73–85.

6
. A. Bremond, G. Kune, and C. Bahnson, “Psychosomatic Factors in Breast Cancer Patients: Results of a Case Control Study,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics
and Gynecology,
vol. 5 (1986), pp. 127–36.

7
. K. W. Pettingale et al., “Serum IgA Levels and Emotional Expression in Breast Cancer Patients,”
Journal of Psychosomatic Research,
vol. 21 (1977), p. 395.

8
. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, “Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement,”
Annals of Internal Medicine,
vol. 151, no. 10 (November 17, 2009), pp. 716–26; also available online at
www.annals.org/content/151/10/716.full
.

9
. D. B. Thomas et al., “Randomized Trial of Breast Self-Examination in Shanghai: Final Results,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 94, no. 19 (Oct. 2, 2002), pp. 1445–57.

10
. V. F. Semiglazov et al., [Interim Results of a Prospective Randomized Study of Self-Examination for Early Detection of Breast Cancer (Russia/St.Petersburg/WHO)],
Voprosy Onkologii,
vol. 45, no. 3 (1999), pp. 265–71.

11
. S. M. Love, R. S. Gelman, and W. J. Sile, “Fibrocystic ‘Disease’ of the Breast: A Non-Disease,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 307 (1982), p. 1010.

12
. P. E. Preece et al., “Importance of Mastalgia in Operable Breast Cancer,”
British
Medical Journal,
vol. 284 (1982), pp. 1299–1300; and L. E. Hughes and D. J. Webster, “Breast Pain and Modularity,” in
Benign Disorders and Disease of the
Breast
(London: Bailliere Tindale, 1989).

13
. G. Plu-Bureau et al., “Cyclic Mastalgia as a Marker of Breast Cancer Susceptibility: Results of a Case Control Study Among French Women,”
British Journal of
Cancer,
vol. 65 (1992), pp. 945–49; and J. R. Harris et al., “Breast Cancer,” part 1,
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 327 (1992), pp. 319–28.

14
. P. L. Jenkins et al., “Psychiatric Illness in Patients with Severe Treatment-Resistant Mastalgia,”
General Hospital Psychiatry,
vol. 15 (1993), pp. 55–57.

15
. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, “Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement,”
Annals of Internal Medicine,
vol. 151, no. 10 (November 17, 2009), pp. 716–26; also available online at
www.annals.org/ content/151/10/716.full
.

16
. J. S. Mandelblatt et al., “Effects of Mammography Screening Under Different Screening Schedules: Model Estimates of Potential Benefits and Harms,”
Annals
of Internal Medicine,
vol. 151, no. 10 (November 17, 2009), pp. 738–47; also available online at
www.annals.org/content/151/10/738.full
.

17
. P. C. Gotzsche and O. Olsen, “Is Screening for Breast Cancer with Mammography Justifiable?”
The Lancet,
vol. 355, no. 9198 (Jan. 8, 2000), pp. 129–34; P. C. Gotzsche and O. Olsen, “Cochrane Review on Screening for Breast Cancer with Mammography,”
The Lancet,
vol. 358, no. 9290 (Oct. 20, 2001), pp. 1340–42.

18
. P. Zahl, J. Maehlen, and H. G. Welch, “The Natural History of Invasive Breast Cancers Detected by Screening Mammography,”
Archives of Internal Medicine,
vol. 168, no. 21 (November 2008), pp. 2311–6.

19
. T. Parker-Pope, “Benefits and Risks of Cancer Screening Are Not Always Clear, Experts Say,”
New York Times
(October 22, 2009), p. A26, also available online at
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/health/22screen.html
; L. Esserman, Y. Shieh, and I. Thompson, “Rethinking Screening for Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 302, no. 15 (October 21, 2009), pp. 1685–92; G. Kolata, “Cancer Society, in Shift, Has Concerns on Screenings,”
New York Times
(October 21, 2009), p. A1, also available online at
www.nytimes.com/2009/ 10/21/health/21cancer.html#
.

20
. Parker-Pope, “Benefits and Risks of Cancer Screening Are Not Always Clear, Experts Say.”

21
. Andrew M. D. Wolf, “Share the Burden of Uncertainty with Patients,”
Consultant,
vol. 43, no. 9 (August 2003), pp. 1102–3.

22
. A. B. Miller et al., “Canadian National Breast Screening Study 2: 13-Year Results of a Randomized Trial in Women Aged 50–59 Years,”
Journal of the National
Cancer Institute,
vol. 92, no. 18 (Sept. 20, 2000), pp. 1490–9.

23
. K. Kerlikowske et al., “Continuing Screening Mammography in Women Aged 70 to 79 Years: Impact on Life Expectancy and Cost-Effectiveness,”
Journal of the
American Medical Association,
vol. 282, no. 22 (Dec. 8, 1999), pp. 2156–63.

24
. J. P. van Netten et al., “Physical Trauma and Breast Cancer,”
The Lancet,
vol. 343, no. 8903 (Apr. 16, 1994), pp. 978–79.

25
. C. Baines, “Rethinking Breast Screening—Again,”
British Medical Journal,
vol. 331 (2005), p. 1031.

26
. A. T. Stavros et al., “Solid Breast Nodules: Use of Sonography to Distinguish Between Benign and Malignant Lesions,”
Radiology,
vol. 195 (1995), pp. 123–34; E. Staren, “Breast Ultrasound for Surgeons,”
American Surgeon,
vol. 62 (1996), pp. 109–12.

27
. R. J. Bleicher et al., “Association of Routine Pretreatment Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Time to Surgery, Mastectomy Rate, and Margin Status,”
Journal of
the American College of Surgeons,
vol. 209 (2009), pp. 180–87.

28
. J. D. Bronzino, ed.,
Medical Devices and Systems (The Biomedical Engineering
Handbook)
(Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2006).

29
. N. Arora et al., “Effectiveness of a Noninvasive Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging System in the Detection of Breast Cancer,”
American Journal of Surgery,
vol. 196, no. 4 (October 2008), pp. 523–26.

30
. M. Gautherie and C. M. Gros, “Breast Thermography and Cancer Risk Prediction,”
Cancer,
vol. 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1980), pp. 51–56.

31
. Ibid.

32
. K. Louis, J. Walter, and M. Gautherie, “Long-Term Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk by Thermal Imaging,” in M. Gautherie and E. Albert, eds.,
Biomedical Ther-mology:
Proceedings of an International Symposium Held in Strasbourg, France,
June 30–July 4, 1981
(New York: A. R. Liss, 1982), pp. 279–301; M. Gautherie, “Thermobiological Assessment of Benign and Malignant Breast Diseases,”
American
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 147, no. 8 (December 15, 1983), pp. 861–69.

33
. H. Spitalier et al., “Does Infrared Thermography Truly Have a Role in Present-Day Breast Cancer Management?” in M. Gautherie and E. Albert, eds.,
Biomedical
Thermology: Proceedings of an International Symposium
(New York: A. R. Liss, 1982), pp. 269–78; R. Amalric et al., “Does Infrared Thermography Truly Have a Role in Present-Day Breast Cancer Management?”
Progress in Clinical
and Biological Research,
vol. 107 (1982), pp. 269–78.

34
. H. J. Isard et al., “Breast Thermography After Four Years and 10,000 Studies,”
American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine,
vol. 115, no. 4 (August 1972), pp. 811–21.

35
. P. Gamagami, “Indirect Signs of Breast Cancer: Angiogenesis Study,”
Atlas of
Mammography
(Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science, 1996), pp. 231–258.

36
. J. R. Keyserlingk et al., “Infrared Imaging of the Breast: Initial Reappraisal Using High-Resolution Digital Technology in 100 Successive Cases of Stage I and II Breast Cancer,”
The Breast Journal,
vol. 4, no. 4 (July/August 1998), pp. 245–51.

37
. Y. R. Parisky et al., “Efficacy of Computerized Infrared Imaging Analysis to Evaluate Mammographically Suspicious Lesions,”
American Journal of Roentgenol-ogy,
vol. 180, no. 1 (January 2003), pp. 263–69.

38
. Ibid.; N. Arora et al., “Effectiveness of Noninvasive Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging System in the Detection of Breast Cancer,”
American Journal of Surgery,
vol. 196, no. 4 (October 2008), pp. 523–26; E. Y. Ng and E. C. Kee, “Advanced Integrated Technique in Breast Cancer Thermography,”
Journal of Medical Engineering
and Technology,
vol. 32, no. 2 (March–April 2008), pp. 103–14; D. A. Kennedy, T. Lee, and D. Seely, “A Comparative Review of Thermography as a Breast Cancer Screening Technique,”
Integrative Cancer Therapies,
vol. 8, no. 1 (March 2009), pp. 9–16.

39
. Gina Kolata, “Breast Cancer Screening Under 50: Experts Disagree If Benefit Exists,”
New York Times,
Dec. 14, 1993, p. C-1; W. Gilbert Welch and William Black, “Advances in Diagnostic Imaging,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 328 (Apr. 1993), pp. 1237–42; M. Nielson et al., “Breast Cancer and Atypia Among Young Middle-Aged Women: A Study of 110 Medical-Legal Autopsies,”
British Journal of Cancer,
vol. 56 (1987), pp. 814–19. An unpublished autopsy study with similar findings was done at Cook County Hospital in Chicago (personal communication with Kate Havens, M.D.).

40
. V. Ernster et al., “Incidence of and Treatment for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 275, no. 12 (March 27, 1996), pp. 913–18.

41
. G. Arpino, R. Laucirica, and R. M. Elledge, “Premalignant and In Situ Breast Disease: Biology and Clinical Implications,”
Annals of Internal Medicine,
vol. 143, no. 6 (Sept. 20, 2005), pp. 446–57.

42
. C. I. Li et al., “Age-Specific Incidence Rates of In Situ Breast Carcinomas in His-tologic Type, 1980 to 2001,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention,
vol. 14, no. 4 (April 2005), pp. 1012–15.

43
. C. I. Li et al., “Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy for Breast Cancer and Risk of Hormone Receptor-Specific Subtypes of Contralateral Breast Cancer,”
Cancer Research,
vol. 69, no. 17 (August 25, 2009), pp. 6865–70.

44
. National Center for Health Statistics,
Vital Statistics of the United States,
1987, vol. 2,
Mortality, Part A,
DHHS Publication no. (PHS) 90-1101 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990).

45
. The following chemicals have been implicated: the pesticides DDT, heptachlor, and atrazine, several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum byproducts, dioxin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). See also Janet Ralof, “Ecocancer: Do Environmental Factors Underlie a Breast Cancer Epidemic?”
Science
News,
vol. 144 (July 3, 1993), p. 1013.

46
. Samuel Epstein, M.D., letter to Dr. David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, Feb. 14, 1994, cited in Barbara Joseph,
My Healing from Breast Cancer
(New Canaan: Keats, 1996), p. 7.

47
. S. Steingraber,
The Falling Age of Puberty in U.S. Girls: What We Know, What We
Need to Know
(San Francisco: Breast Cancer Fund, 2007), also available online at
http://www.breastcancerfund .org/ site/pp.asp?c=kwKXLdPaE&b=3291891
.

48
. P. Buell, “Changing Incidence of Breast Cancer in Japanese-American Women,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
vol. 51 (1973), pp. 1479–83; L. Kinlen, “Meat and Fat Consumption and Cancer Mortality: A Study of Strict Religious Orders in Britain,”
The Lancet,
1982, pp. 946–49; W. Willett et al., “Dietary Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 316, no. 22 (1987).

49
. D. J. Hunter et al., “Cohort Studies of Fat Intake and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 334 (1996), pp. 356–61.