A Peace to End all Peace (90 page)

O’Beirne, Hugh

“On the Quai at Smyrna” (Hemingway)

Orlando, Emanuele

Ormsby-Gore, William

Other Club

Ottoman Armyrd

Ottoman Armyth

Ottoman Armyth

Ottoman Parliament

Painlevé, Paul

Paléologue, Maurice

Palestine

Pallavicini, Johann Margrave von

Palmerstonrd Viscount (Henry John Temple)

Pan-Islamic Propaganda Bureau

Pan-Turanian Movement

Paris Peace Conference
see
Peace Conference

Parker, Colonel Alfred

Parvus
see
Helphand, Alexander Israel

Patterson, Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry

Paul I, Czar

Peace Conference (1919)

Peake, Colonel F. G.

Persia and the Persian Question
(Curzon)

Persia/Persian Empire
see also
Iran

Persian Gulf

Peshawar: planned Indian nationalist uprising in

Picot, François Georges
see also
Sykes-Picot-Sazanov Agreement

Pinsker, Leo

Pitt, William (the Younger)

Poincaré, Raymond

Poland

Popolo d’Italia

Porte
see
Sublime Porte

Princeton University

Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
(
The Jewish Peril
)

Radek, Karl

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)

Rashid, House of

Raslovleff, Michael

Rathenau, Walter

Rawalpindi, Treaty of (1919)

Red Line Agreement (1928)

Reshadieh
(battleship)

Reuters

Reza Khan Pahlavi, later Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran

Rhodes, Cecil

Ribot, Alexandre

Richmond, Captain Herbert William

Richmond, Ernest T.

Riddellst Baron (George Allardice Riddell)

Robeck, Admiral John de

Robert College

Robertson, Field Marshal Sir William

Robinson, Geoffrey

Rome and Jerusalem
(Hess)

Rothschild, Baron Edward

Rothschild, James de

Round Table

Rumania

Russell, Bertrand

Russia/Russian Empire (later Soviet Union):
see specific headings

Russian Civil War

Russian Orthodox Church

Russian Revolutions (1917)

Rutenberg, Pinhas

St Jean de Maurienne, Agreement of (1917)

St John Philby, H.

Salisburyrd Marquis of (Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil)

Salonika

Samuel, Sir Herbert

San Remo Conference/Agreement (1920)

Sarajevo

Saud, House of

Saudi Arabia

Sazanov, Sergei

Scapa Flow (HQ of Grand Fleet)

Scott, C. P.

Seeckt, General Hans von

Senussi

Serbia

Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(Lawrence)

Seven Theses on the War
(Lenin)

Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)

Sforza, Count Carlo

Shaftesbury, Anthony Cooper, Earl of

Shah of Persia
see
Ahmed Shah and Reza Khan Pahlavi

Shakespear, Captain William Henry

Shaumian, Stephan

Sherif of Mecca
see
Hussein Ibn Ali

Shuckburgh, Evelyn

Siberia

Sidebotham, Herbert

Sikhs

Sinai

Smith, F. E., later 1st Earl of Birkenhead

Smuts, General Jan Christian

Smyrna

Socialist Second International

Sociéte Ottomane du Chemin de Fer Damas-Hama et Prolongements

Sokolow, Nahum

Somerset, F. R.

Somme, Battle of the

Sonnino, Baron Sidney

Souchon, Rear-Admiral

South Africa

South Persia Rifles

Stalin, Joseph (Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili)

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey

Standard Oil Company of New York (“Socony”)

Starosselski, Colonel

Steevens, George

Stevenson, Frances

Stirling, W. E.

Storrs, Ronald

Straus, Oscar

Sublime Porte: as the name given to the Ottoman government;
see also specific headings

Sudan

Suez Canal

Sultan of Turkey
see
Abdul Hamid II, Sultan; Mehmed V, Sultan; Mehmed VI, Sultan

Sultan Osman I
(battleship)

Sunday Times, The

Sykes, Brigadier General Sir Percy

Sykes, Sir Mark: writes that there is no Turkey and there are no Turks; warns House of Commons that disappearance of Ottoman Empire will lead to disappearance of British Empire (1914); complains there is no authentic history of the Ottoman Empire in the English language; and French claims to Syria; his background, education, political career, and characteristics; asks Churchill for a chance to serve “on the spot” against Turkey; appointed to serve as Kitchener’s representative on the de Bunsen committee; comments on Kitchener; warns Churchill that Turks at Gallipoli may be “formidable” foes; embarks on fact-finding tour of Middle East and India; sees incoherence resulting from each government department running its own Middle East policies; proposes creating Arab Bureau; and the al-Faruqi episode; and Armenians; and Arabs; negotiates (with Picot) Allied partition of Middle East; misunderstands what Clayton and the Arab Bureau asked him to accomplish in the negotiations; attacks Asquith, and meets Lloyd George, Milner, and the editor of
The Times
; learns of Zionism; joins Picot in Petrograd to negotiate with Russia; joins War Cabinet secretariat (1916); publishes
Arabian Report
; urges support for Hussein’s revolt; urges that McMahon be replaced by Wingate; popularizes the phrase “Middle East” and Amery; pro-Arab and pro-Zionist, negotiates with Zionists and seeks support from France, Italy, and the Vatican for an Allied pro-Zionist declaration and hopes for an Arab-Jewish-Armenian pro-Allied partnership; believes imperialism “contrary to the spirit of the times” sent out to Egyptian Expeditionary Force (1917); and the administration of Mesopotamia; drafts Baghdad declaration; designs Arab flag for Hussein’s followers; appointed to Foreign Office; officers on the spot disagree with him about who should rule the newly-occupied Middle East territories and about the need to honor pledges to France and to Zionism and the alliance with King Hussein; obtains agreement of Syrian Arab leaders in Cairo to terms already negotiated with France and Hussein (1917); writes Declaration to the Seven to Syrian Arab leaders in Cairo (1918); perhaps recants his views; dies; his wartime design for the postwar Middle East in large part is carried into effect;
see also
Sykes-Picot-Sazanov Agreement

Sykes-Picot-Sazanov Agreement (1916)

Symes, Captain G. S.

Syria

Syria, French League of Nations Mandate for

Syrian Congress, General

Syrian Istiqlal Party

Syrian National Party

Syrian Protestant College

Taft, William Howard

Talaat Bey, Mehmed

Talib, Sayyid

Tancred
(Disraeli)

Tannenberg, Battle of

Tartars

Tatler

Temps, Le

Thirty-Nine Steps
(Buchan)

Thomas, Lowell

Tibet

Tigris campaign (1915—16)

Times, The

Togan, Zeki Velidi

Townshend, Major-General Charles Vere Ferrers

Toynbee, Arnold

Transcaucasia

Transjordan
see under
Palestine

Trenchard, Sir Hugh

Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein)

Trumpeldor, Captain Joseph

Tumulty, Joseph Patrick

Turaba

Turkestan

Tutankhamun, tomb of

Uganda: and Zionism

Ukraine

United States

Venizelos, Eleutherios

Verdun, Battle of

Verité sur la question syrienne, La
(Djemal Pasha)

Versailles, Treaty of

Vickers

Victoria, Queen

Viviani, René

Wafd Party (Egypt)

Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn Abdul

Wahhabis

Walrund, Osmond

Wangenheim, Hans von

Wassmuss, Wilhelm

Weizmann, Chaim

Wellingtonst Duke of (Arthur Wellesley)

Wellman, Guy

Wells, H. G.

Wemyss, Vice-Admiral Sir Rosslyn

Wilhelm II, Kaiser

Wilson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur

Wilson, Colonel Sir Arnold T.

Wilson, Colonel C. E.

Wilson, Sir Henry

Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow: his background, character, and political career; interferes with a J.P. Morgan financing for Britain (1916); opposes Allied imperial ambitions; attempts to negotiate a compromise peace; and the Zimmerman telegram; his domestic political problems; pushed into the war by German U-boat campaign, he plans to fight the war on political grounds of his own choosing; is worried that the public will learn of secret Allied treaties such as the Sykes-Picot Agreement; outlines Fourteen Points, Four Principles, Four Ends, and Five Particulars; refuses to declare war on the Ottoman Empire; seeks guidance in framing America’s plans for the postwar world; foresees “cataclysm” if the peace “is not made on the highest principles of justice” compared and contrasted with Lloyd George; and the conception of League of Nations Mandates; and Brandeis, Zionism and the Balfour Declaration; and the principle of national self-determination; Lloyd George’s contempt for; meets Lloyd George in London (December 1918); at the Peace Conference; falls ill; defeated in his fight for Senate ratification of the agreements reached in Paris; succeeded as President by Harding

Wingate, Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Reginald

With Lawrence in Arabia
(Thomas)

World Zionist Congress

Yale University

Yemen, the

Young, Captain Sir Hubert Winthrop

Young Turkey Party (Young Turks) (C.U.P.)

Yugoslavia

Zaghlul, Saad

Zaharoff, Basil

Zavriev, Dr

Zimmerman, Arthur

Zimmerman telegram

Zinoviev, Grigori

Zionists/Zionism

Zionist Commission (Palestine)

Zionist Federation, British

Zionist-Revisionist Organization