A Peace to End all Peace (84 page)

3
Ibid.

4
The Times
, 16 August 1985, p. 11.

CHAPTER 54

1
Richard H. Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921
, Vol. 3:
The Anglo-Soviet Accord
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), p. 324.

2
Ibid., p. 328.

3
Ibid.

4
Ibid., p. 329.

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid., p. 327.

7
Ibid., p. 326–7.

8
Ibid., p. 326.

9
Martin Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 2:
July 1919–March 1921
, pp. 988–9.

10
Ibid., p. 989.

11
Ibid., p. 1025.

12
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 4:
1916–1922, The Stricken World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 331.

13
Ibid., p. 371.

14
Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and after: 1918–1923
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), p. 163.

15
Ibid.

16
Ibid.

17
Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, Vol. 3, p. 427.

CHAPTER 55

1
Richard Pipes,
The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923
, rev. edn. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 1.

2
Lenin,
Collected Works
, Vol. 19, p. 254, quoted in Allen S. Whiting,
Soviet Policy in China 1912–1924
(Stanford University Press Paperback, 1968), p. 21.

3
Olaf Caroe,
Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism
, 2nd edn (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1967), p. 111.

4
Pipes,
Formation of the Soviet Union
, p. 155.

CHAPTER 56

1
Edward Hallett Carr,
The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923
, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), Vol. 3, p. 249, n. 1.

2
Ibid., p. 313.

3
Louise Bryant,
Mirrors of Moscow
(New York: T. Seltzer, 1923), p. 157.

4
Carr,
Bolshevik Revolution
, p. 327.

5
Ibid., p. 266, n. 2.

6
Ibid., p. 267.

7
Ibid., p. 263.

8
Ibid., p. 264.

9
Ibid., p. 268.

10
Ibid., n. 3.

11
Ibid., p. 290.

12
Leon B. Poullada,
Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929: King Amanullah’s Failure to Modernize a Tribal Society
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 248.

13
Bryant,
Mirrors of Moscow
, p. 149.

14
Ibid., p. 160.

15
Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey,
Mission To Tashkent
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1946).

16
Edward Allworth (ed.),
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 244.

17
Fitzroy Maclean,
A Person from England, and Other Travellers
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1958).

18
Richard Pipes,
The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923
, rev. edn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 258.

19
Maclean,
A Person from England
, pp. 357–8; Fitzroy Maclean,
To the Back of Beyond
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1974), pp. 95–6; Olaf Caroe,
Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism
, 2nd edn (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1967), pp. 24–125.

20
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 2:
July 1919–March 1921
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 1165–6.

CHAPTER 57

1
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 2:
July 1919–March 1921
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 938.

2
Ibid., p. 1249.

3
Ibid., p. 1261.

4
Ibid., p. 1267.

5
Ibid., p. 1269.

6
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 4:
1916–1922, The Stricken World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 528.

7
Ibid., p. 523.

8
Ibid., p. 524.

9
Ibid., p. 527.

10
Ibid.

11
The Letters of T. E. Lawrence
, ed. by David Garnett (London: Jonathan Cape, 1938), p. 316.

12
Lowell Thomas,
With Lawrence in Arabia
(New York and London: Century, 1924), p. 308.

13
Ibid., p. 131.

14
Ibid., p. 407.

15
John E. Mack,
A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), p. 276.

16
Desmond Stewart,
T. E. Lawrence
(New York and London: Harper & Row, 1977); Mack,
A Prince of Our Disorder
; Phillip Knightley and Colin Simpson,
The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia
(London: Thomas Nelson, 1969).

17
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 841.

18
Ibid., p. 1076.

19
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 638.

20
Ibid., p. 894.

21
Ibid., p. 545.

22
Ibid., p. 511.

23
Ibid., p. 592.

24
Ibid., p. 509.

25
Ibid., p. 217.

26
Ibid.

27
Letters of T. E. Lawrence
, p. 291.

28
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 1334.

29
Ibid., p. 1367.

30
Ibid., p. 1377.

31
Ibid., p. 1405.

32
H. V. F. Winstone,
Gertrude Bell
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1978), p. 235.

33
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 1391.

34
Ibid., p. 1383.

35
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 538.

36
Ibid., pp. 552–3.

37
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, pp. 1407–8.

38
Ibid., p. 1408.

39
Ibid., p. 1413.

40
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 553.

41
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 404.

42
Ibid., p. 1428.

43
Ibid., p. 1432.

44
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 516.

45
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 1414.

46
Aaron S. Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), p. 140.

47
Ibid., p. 145.

48
Ibid., p. 146.

49
Ibid., p. 156.

50
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 1966.

51
Ibid., p. 1967.

52
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 817.

53
Ibid.

54
Ibid., p. 818.

55
Ibid.

56
Winstone,
Gertrude Bell
, pp. 242–3.

57
Thomas Hoving,
Tutankhamun: The Untold Story
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), pp. 89
et seq
.

58
T. E. Lawrence to His Biographer, Liddell Hart
(New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1938), p. 131.

59
Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy
, p. 215.

60
Ibid., p. 216.

61
Ibid., p. 217.

62
Ibid., p. 223.

63
Ibid., p. 217.

64
Mack,
A Prince of Our Disorder
, p. 306.

65
Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy
, p. 285–8.

66
Ibid., p. 229.

67
Ibid., p. 233.

CHAPTER 58

1
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. C. D. Brunton Papers.

2
Reported in
The Times
, 2 September 1921.

3
Vladimir Jabotinsky,
The Story of the Jewish Legion
, trans. by Samuel Katz (New York: Bernard Ackerman, 1945), pp. 168–9.

4
Elie Kedourie,
The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies
, new edn (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1984), ch. 4.

5
Ibid., p. 65.

6
Ibid.

7
Ibid.

8
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 2:
July 1919–March 1921
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 1420.

9
Ibid., p. 1028, n. 1.

10
Ibid., Part 3:
April 1921–November 1922
, p. 1559.

11
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 4:
1916–1922, The Stricken World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 597.

12
Ibid., p. 629.

13
Ibid., p. 630.

14
Ibid.

15
Kenneth W. Stein,
The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939
(Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 67.

16
Ibid., p. 37.

17
Ibid., p. 65.

18
Ibid., p. 37.

19
Ibid., p. 67.

20
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, pp. 655–6.

21
Ibid., p. 628.

22
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 3, p. 1647.

23
Ibid., p. 1659.

24
Ibid., n. 1.

25
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 624.

26
Ibid., pp. 652–3.

27
Ibid.

28
Ibid., p. 659.

29
Ibid.

30
Shabtai Teveth,
Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 5, 6, 37, 47–55, 75–81.

31
Ibid., chs 5, 6, and 7.

32
Ibid.

33
Ibid., pp. 55–6; Joseph B. Schechtman,
Fighter and Prophet: The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, the Last Years
(New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961), p. 324.

34
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 3, p. 2125.

CHAPTER 59

1
Walter Goerlitz,
History of the German General Staff: 1657–1945
, trans. by Brian Battershaw (New York: Praeger, 1953), pp. 231.
et seq
.

2
Salahi Ramsdan Sonyel,
Turkish Diplomacy, 1918–1923: Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish National Movement
(London and Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1975), p. 83.

3
Ibid., p. 87.

4
Denis Mack Smith,
Mussolini
(New York: Vintage Books, 1983), p. 33.

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid., p. 43.

7
William Stivers,
Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918–1930
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 111.

8
Ibid., pp. 195–9.

9
Laurence Evans,
United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914–1924
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), p. 300.

10
Ibid., p. 303.

11
H. V. F. Winstone,
The Illicit Adventure
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1982), p. 348.

12
Stivers,
Supremacy and Oil
, p. 127.

13
Ibid., p. 123, n. 36.

14
Ibid., p. 126.

15
Ibid., p. 89.

16
Ibid., p. 90.

17
Sonyel,
Turkish Diplomacy
, p. 138.

18
Ibid., p. 139; Roderic H. Davison, “Turkish Diplomacy from Mudros to Lausanne,” in Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert (eds),
The Diplomats, 1919–1939
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), p. 193.

19
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 3:
April 1921–November 1922
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 1656.

20
Harold Nicolson,
Diplomacy
, 3rd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 135.

21
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, pp. 1656–1657.

CHAPTER 60

1
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol. 2:
1919–1931
(London: Collins, 1972), p. 199.

2
Arnold J. Toynbee,
The Western Question in Greece and Turkey
, reprint of 2nd edn (New York: Howard Fertig, 1970), p. 247.

3
Michael Llewellyn Smith,
Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor 1919–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1973), p. 203.

4
Ibid., p. 226.

5
Ibid.

6
Lord Kinross,
Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey
(New York: William Morrow, 1965), p. 307.

7
Ibid., p. 309.

8
Smith,
Ionian Vision
, pp. 228–9.

9
Ibid., p. 237.

10
Ibid., p. 271.

11
Ibid., p. 273.

12
Salahi Ramsdan Sonyel,
Turkish Diplomacy 1918–1923: Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish National Movement
(London and Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1975), pp. 172–3.

13
Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and after: 1918–1923
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), p. 385.

14
Smith,
Ionian Vision
, p. 303.

15
Toynbee,
The Western Question
, p. 152.