A Peace to End all Peace (83 page)

4
Holden and Johns,
Saud
, p. 71; Gary Troeller,
The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the Rise of the House of Saud
(London: Frank Cass, 1976), p. 142.

5
Troeller,
Saudi Arabia
, pp. 142–3; Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs
, pp. 328
et seq
.; Holden and Johns,
Saud
, p. 72.

6
Helms,
Saudi Arabia
, p. 127.

7
Robert Vansittart, quoted in Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs
, p. 330.

8
Holden and Johns,
Saud
, p. 72.

CHAPTER 47

1
Michael L. Dockrill and J. Douglas Goold,
Peace without Promise: Britain and the Peace Conferences, 1919–1923
(London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1981), p. 198.

2
Ibid., p. 199.

3
Ibid., p. 210.

4
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 215.

5
Roderic H. Davison, “Turkish Diplomacy from Mudros to Lausanne,” in Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert (eds),
The Diplomats, 1919–1939
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), p. 181.

6
Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
, Vol. 2:
Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 348.

7
Davison, “Turkish Diplomacy,” p. 181.

8
Shaw and Shaw,
Ottoman Empire
, p. 349.

9
Davison, “Turkish Diplomacy,” p. 181.

10
Shaw and Shaw,
Ottoman Empire
, pp. 352–3.

11
Davison, “Turkish Diplomacy,” p. 183.

12
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Turkey (Nationalist).”

13
Salahi Ramsdan Sonyel,
Turkish Diplomacy, 1918–1923: Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish National Movement
(London and Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1975), pp. 62–5.

14
Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and after: 1918–1923
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), p. 208.

15
Michael Llewellyn Smith,
Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1973), p. 124.

16
Dockrill and Goold,
Peace without Promise
, p. 215.

17
Smith,
Ionian Vision
, pp. 132–3.

18
Winston S. Churchill,
The Aftermath: Being a Sequel to the World Crisis
(London: Macmillan, 1941), p. 386.

19
Smith,
Ionian Vision
, p. 163.

20
Ibid., p. 164.

21
Ibid., p. 185.

22
Ibid., p. 186.

23
Ibid., p. 184.

CHAPTER 48

1
Elie Kedourie,
England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921
(Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978), pp. 157–62.

2
Philip S. Khoury,
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 86–8.

3
Ibid., p. 88.

4
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 204.

5
Ibid., p. 215.

6
Jukka Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East, 1914–1920
(London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 216.

7
The account in the text follows Khoury,
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism
; and Y. Porath,
The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929
(London: Frank Cass, 1974).

8
Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East
, p. 216.

9
Aaron S. Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), pp. 46–7.

10
Ibid.

11
Ibid.

12
Ibid., pp. 216–17.

13
Andrew and Kanya-Forstner,
French Imperial Expansion
, p. 215.

14
Ibid., p. 216.

15
Howard M. Sachar,
The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914–1924
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), p. 287.

16
Ibid., p. 288.

17
Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy
, p. 51.

18
Elie Kedourie,
Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981), pp. 85
et seq
.

19
John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 183.

CHAPTER 49

1
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 220.

2
Ibid.

3
Ibid.

4
Ibid.

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid., p. 217.

7
Aaron S. Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), p. 72.

8
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. C. D. Brunton Papers. DS 126—DS 154.5, no. 2.

9
Ibid.

10
Ibid., no. 3.

11
Ibid.

12
Ibid.

13
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. F.R. Somerset Papers. DS 97.59.

14
Ibid., DS 126, DS 149, DS 154.5.

15
Ibid.

CHAPTER 50

1
Howard M. Sachar,
A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), p. 123.

2
Joseph B. Schechtman,
Rebel and Statesman: The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, the Early Years
(New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1956), p. 328.

3
Ibid., pp. 329
et seq
.; Sachar,
History of Israel
, p. 123.

4
Sachar,
History of Israel
, pp. 123–4.

5
Oxford. Rhodes House. Richard Meinertzhagen Diaries. Vol. 21, p. 126 (12—31—19).

6
Ibid., p. 143 (4 July 1920).

7
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 4:
1916–1922, The Stricken World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), pp. 484–5.

CHAPTER 51

1
H. V. F. Winstone,
Gertrude Bell
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1978), p. 207.

2
Ibid., p. 209.

3
Ibid., p. 215.

4
Ibid.

5
Elie Kedourie,
England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921
(Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978), p. 191.

6
Winstone,
Bell
, p. 215.

7
Ibid., p. 219.

8
Jukka Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East, 1914–1920
(London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 177.

9
Winstone,
Bell
, p. 220.

10
Ibid., p. 222.

11
Howard M. Sachar,
The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914–1924
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), p. 371.

12
Kedourie,
Middle East
, p. 192.

13
H. V. F. Winstone,
Leachman: ‘OC Desert’
(London and New York: Quartet Books, 1982), p. 208.

14
Ibid., p. 215.

15
Aaron S. Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), p. 56.

16
Kedourie,
Middle East
, p. 192.

17
Briton Cooper Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921
(Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1971), p. 408.

18
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Leachman Papers.

19
Sachar,
Middle East
, p. 372.

20
Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs
, pp. 408–9.

21
Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy
, p. 57.

22
Ibid., p. 58.

23
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol. 2:
1919–1931
(London: Collins, 1972), p. 201.

24
John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 200.

25
Ibid.

26
Ibid.

CHAPTER 52

1
Kenneth O. Morgan,
Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government 1918–1922
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 119.

2
Harold Nicolson,
Curzon: The Last Phase 1919–1925
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), p. 134.

3
Ibid., p. 122.

4
Richard H. Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921
, Vol. 3:
The Anglo-Soviet Accord
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), p. 353.

5
Nicolson,
Curzon
, p. 138.

6
Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, Vol. 3, p. 352, n. 11.

7
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 2:
July 1919–March 1921
, p. 1103.

8
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol. 2:
1919–1931
(London: Collins, 1972), p. 202.

9
Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, Vol. 3, p. 374.

10
Ibid., p. 380.

11
Ibid., p. 378.

12
Ibid., p. 377.

13
Ibid., p. 386.

14
Ibid., p. 388.

15
Professor Richard H. Ullman of Princeton University, in the work cited above.

16
John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 214.

CHAPTER 53

1
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 23. Document M1/19/9.

2
Aaron S. Klieman,
Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), p. 58.