A Peace to End all Peace (81 page)

46
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DR 588.

47
Liman von Sanders,
Five Years in Turkey
(Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1927), pp. 306–20.

48
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Feisal Papers. 0–14.

49
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 149/7/1–109.

50
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 17. Document 33.

51
Ingrams,
Palestine Papers
, p. 33.

52
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DS 588.25.

53
Ibid. DR 588.25.

54
Ibid.

55
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 17, pp. 97–103.

56
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 162.

CHAPTER 37

1
The account in the text owes much to the lively narrative of Howard M. Sachar,
The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914–1924
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969) at pp. 238
et seq
. as well as to the eyewitness account in the
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Turkish Campaigns.”

2
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 883. Vol. 17, pp. 104–5.

3
The Leo Amery Diaries
, Vol. 1:
1896–1929
, ed. by John Barnes and David Nicholson (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 241.

4
Oxford. Bodleian Library. Milner Papers. Palestine. 140/64.

5
Ibid. 140/54.

6
Ibid. 140/56.

7
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 24. Document 36757.

8
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Allenby Papers. DS 244.4.

9
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 149/9/1–158.

10
Ibid. 150/1/1–105.

11
Oxford. Bodleian Library. Milner Papers. Palestine. 140/64.

12
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 150/1/1–105.

13
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 17, pp. 119–20.

14
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Allenby Papers. DS 244.4.

15
Ibid.

16
Kew. Public Record Office. War Cabinet, Eastern Committee. CAB 27/24, pp. 148–52.

17
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 150/2/1–112.

18
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 11.

19
Ibid., p. 161.

20
Kew. Public Record Office. War Cabinet, Eastern Committee. CAB 27/24, pp. 148–52.

21
Jukka Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East 1914–1920
(London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 72, n. 3.

22
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Allenby Papers. DS 244.4.

23
W. T. Massey,
Allenby’s Final Triumph
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1920), pp. 18–19.

24
T. E. Lawrence to His Biographer, Robert Graves
(New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1938), p. 104.

25
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Clayton Key Papers. G//S 513. File 1.

26
Oxford. Bodleian Library. Milner Papers. Palestine. 140/21–22.

27
Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East
, p. 74.

28
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DR 588.25 (DS 42.1).

29
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. David Hogarth Papers. 30 (ii).

30
Kew. Public Record Office. War Cabinet, Eastern Committee. CAB 27/24, p. 186.

31
Ibid., p. 187.

32
Ibid., p. 169.

33
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), Vol. 2, pp. 664–5.

34
Ibid., p. 665.

35
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George
, Vol. 4:
1917
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 86.

36
The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann
, Vol. 8, Series A:
November 1917–October 1918
, ed. by Dvorah Barzilay and Barnet Litvinoff (Jerusalem: Israel University Press, 1977), p. 230.

37
Kew. Public Record Office. War Cabinet, Eastern Committee. CAB 27/24. Minutes of 18 June 1918 meeting.

38
Ibid. Minutes of 18 July 1918 meeting.

39
The Amery Diaries
, p. 237.

40
London. King’s College. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Allenby Papers. 1—9—21.

41
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 24. Document 92392.

42
Ibid. Document 123904.

43
Ibid. Document 138908.

44
Kew. Public Record Office. War Cabinet, Eastern Committee. CAB 27/24, pp. 153–61.

45
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 150/10/1–137.

46
London. King’s College. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Allenby Papers. 1—9—15.

CHAPTER 38

1
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 18. Document TU/17/17.

2
Ulrich Trumpener,
Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914–1918
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 167.

3
Frederick Stanwood,
War, Revolution and British Imperialism in Central Asia
(London: Ithaca Press, 1983), pp. 32–3.

4
Marian Kent,
Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil 1900–1920
(London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press for the London School of Economics, 1976), p. 118.

5
Trumpener,
Ottoman Empire
, p. 186.

6
Firuz Kazemzadeh,
The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921)
(New York: Philosophical Library and Oxford: George Ronald, 1951), p. 135.

7
The account that follows is in large part based on C. H. Ellis,
The Transcaspian Episode: 1918–1919
(London: Hutchinson, 1963); and Richard H. Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921: Intervention and the War
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961).

8
Stanwood,
Central Asia
, p. 134.

9
Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, p. 304.

10
The Leo Amery Diaries
, Vol. 1:
1896–1929
, ed. by John Barnes and David Nicholson (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 188.

11
Ibid., p. 173.

12
Stanwood,
Central Asia
, p. 139.

13
The Amery Diaries
, p. 173.

14
Ibid., pp. 175–6.

15
Ibid., p. 194.

16
Stanwood,
Central Asia
, pp. 146–7.

17
Ibid.

18
Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, pp. 304–5.

19
Trumpener,
Ottoman Empire
, pp. 188–91.

20
Ellis,
Transcaspian Episode
, p. 39; Kazemzadeh,
Transcaucasia
, pp. 135
et seq
.

21
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 149/8/1—93.

22
London. House of Lords Record Office. Beaverbrook Collection. Lloyd George Papers. F—6—1. Document 13.

23
Kazemzadeh,
Transcaucasia
, p. 147.

24
Trumpener,
Ottoman Empire
, p. 193.

25
Ibid.

26
Ibid., p. 194.

27
Ellis,
Transcaspian Episode
, p. 52.

CHAPTER 39

1
Gwynne Dyer, “The Turkish Armistice of 1918: 2—A Lost Opportunity: The Armistice Negotiations of Moudros,”
Middle Eastern Studies
(October 1972), p. 315.

2
The Leo Amery Diaries
, Vol. 1:
1896–1929
, ed. by John Barnes and David Nicholson (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 194.

3
Helmut Mejcher, “Oil and British Policy towards Mesopotamia,”
Middle Eastern Studies
(October 1972), p. 387.

4
C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill,
The Mirage of Power
, Vol. 3:
The Documents, British Foreign Policy 1902–22
(London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 553.

5
Ibid., pp. 553–4.

6
Arthur J. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919
, Vol. 5:
Victory and Aftermath, January 1918–June 1919
(London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 37.

7
Gwynne Dyer, “The Turkish Armistice of 1918: 1—The Turkish Decision for a Separate Peace, Autumn, 1918”
Middle Eastern Studies
(May 1972), p. 171, n. 30.

8
Ibid., pp. 148–9.

9
Kew. Public Record Office. Arab Bureau Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 18. Document TU/18/3.

10
Dyer, “The Turkish Armistice: 1,” p. 148.

11
Ibid., p. 152.

12
Charles Vere Ferres Townshend,
My Campaign
(New York: James A. McCann, 1920), Vol. 2, pp. 276
et seq
.

13
Dyer, “The Turkish Armistice: 1,” p. 161.

14
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George
, Vol. 6:
1918
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1937), p. 278.

15
Ibid.

16
Ibid.

17
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol. 1:
1877–1918
(London: Collins, 1970), pp. 619
et seq
.

18
David Robin Watson,
Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography
(London: Eyre Methuen, 1974), p. 371.

19
Dyer, “The Turkish Armistice: 2.”

20
Salahi Ramsdan Sonyel,
Turkish Diplomacy, 1918–1923: Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish National Movement
(London and Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1975), p. 3.

21
Erik Jan Zurcher,
The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement 1905–1926
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984), p. 72.

22
Watson,
Clemenceau
, p. 367.

23
Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, Vol. 6, pp. 279–80.

24
Roskill,
Hankey
, Vol. 1, p. 609.

25
Lowe and Dockrill,
The Mirage of Power
, Vol. 2, p. 359.

26
The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann
, Vol. 8, Series A:
November 1917–October 1918
, ed. by Dvorah Barzilay and Barnet Litvinoff (Jerusalem: Israel University Press, 1977), pp. 278–9.