A Peace to End all Peace (89 page)

Fisher, John Arbuthnotst Baron

Fitzgerald, F. Scott: quoted

FitzGerald, Lieutenant-Colonel Oswald

FitzMaurice, Gerald

Flandin, Pierre-Etienne

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand

Fourteen Points
see under
Wilson, Woodrow

France
see specific headings

Franchet d’Esperey, Louis-Felix-François

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke

Frankfurter, Felix

Franklin-Bouillon, Henri

Freemasonry

Frunze, Mikhail

Fuad, Ahmed, Sultan, and later King, of Egypt

Gallipoli

Gaster, Rabbi Dr Moses

Gauchet, Vice-Admiral Dominique M.

Gaza

George II, King of Greece

George V, King

Georgia (Russia)

German East Africa

Germany
see specific headings

Gladstone, William Ewart

Glubb, John Bagot

Goeben
(ship)

Goltz, Field Marshal Colman von der

Gorchakov, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich

Gordon, General Charles George

Gorky, Maxim

Gounaris, Demetrios

Gouraud, General Henri

Graham, Sir Ronald

Granville Browne, Edward

Graves, Philip

Graves, Robert

Great Game in Asia, the: its history

Greek-Turkish war

Greenberg, Leopold

Greenmantle
(Buchan)

Grey, Sir Edward, later 1st Viscount Grey of Falloden

Gulf
see
Persian Gulf

Habsburg Empire
see
Austria-Hungary

Hagana

Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (1907)

Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas

Halil Bey

Halim, Prince Said, Grand Vizier

Hall, Captain William Reginald

Hama
see
“Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo”

Hamilton, General Sir Ian

Hankey, Maurice

Harding, Warren Gamaliel

Hardinge of Penshurstst Baron (Sir Charles Hardinge)

Harvard University

Hashem, House of

Hashemites

Hashimi, Yasin al-

Hejaz, the

Helphand, Alexander Israel (“Parvus”)

Hemingway, Ernest

Henderson, Arthur

Herbert, Aubrey

Hercegovina: annexation by Austria-Hungary

Herzl, Theodore

Hess, Moses

Hindenburg, Paul von

Hirtzel, Sir Arthur

Hogarth, Lieutenant-Commander David G.

Hogarth message (1918)

Homs
see
“Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo”

Home, Sir Robert

House, Edward Mandell; of Allied plane to partition the Middle East, remarks “They are making it a breeding ground for future war”

Hughes, Charles Evans

Hughes, William

Hungary

see also
Austria-Hungary

Hussein ibn Ali, Sherif and Emir of Mecca, later King of the Hejaz: seen as a possible future Caliph by Kitchener and Kitchener’s aides; through Abdullah, seeks Britain’s support (pre-1914) against the Young Turks; Kitchener corresponds with (autumn 1914); India objects to Kitchener’s dealings with; his title, his family, and his past history; the Turks appoint him Emir (1908); his political position (1908—15); discovers (1915) Young Turk plan to depose him; pushed by the Young Turk plan into conflict with the Ottoman Empire, seeks support from Arab secret societies; at urging of secret societies, demands British support for Arab independence under his kingship in letter to McMahon; his correspondence with McMahon; and the al-Faruqi episode; his importance in the war, according to Sykes; his unimportance, according to the French; his interests in Palestine recognized by the Sykes-Picot Agreement; revolts against the Ottoman Empire; in constant communication with the Young Turks with a view to changing sides in the war; proclaims himself “King of the Arabs” Sykes and Picot visit him to roughly outline the terms of the secret Sykes-Picot-Sazanov Agreement; informed by British government of its plan to re-create a Jewish homeland in Palestine; and Sykes’s draft of the proclamation to the people of Baghdad; and the design of his flag; his conflict with Ibn Saud; thinks of proclaiming himself Caliph; his importance reevaluated by British officials; complains that Feisal has betrayed him; and the taking of Damascus; and the administration of Syria; his position (1919); the Arab Bureau’s old belief in him as leader of an Arab confederation denounced in
The Times
; possible annexation of Transjordan by; refuses to sign treaty with Britain (1921)

Husseini, Amin al-, Grand Muffi of Jerusalem

Husseini, Musa Kazim Pasha al-

Husseini family, al-

Ibn Rashid

Ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz, Emir of Nejd, later King of Saudi Arabia

Idrisi, Seyyid Mohammed al-

Ikhwan
see
Brethren

Imperial War Conference (Cabinet)

India
see specific headings

India Office

Inquiry, the (US postwar plans)

Iran
see also
Persia/Persian Empire

Iraq

see also
Mesopotamia

Ironside, Major-General Edmund

Isaacs, Rufusst Marquis of Reading

Islamic Revolutionary League

Ismet Pasha, General (Inönü)

Israel

Italy

Izzet Pasha, Field Marshal Ahmet, Grand Vizier

Jabotinsky, Vladimir

Jackson, Admiral Sir Henry

Japan

Jeddah

Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John

Jerusalem

Jewish Chronicle

Jewish Legion

Jewish Peril, The (Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion)

Jordan

Journal des Débats, Le

Joyce, Lieutenant-Colonel Pierce Charles

Justice, La

Kadjar dynasty (Persia)

Kamenev, Lev

Karasu, Emmanuel (Emmanuel Carasso)

Kedourie, Professor Elie

Kemal, Mustapha: as a Turkish commander at Gallipoli; appointed Inspector General of the Ninth Army, embarks on a voyage to the interior (1919); disobeys Sultan’s order to return and rallies Turks of Anatolia around a nationalist program in revolt against the Allies; an analysis of the groups supporting his revolt; defeats French at Marash; reportedly preparing to ally with Arabs of Damascus; moves headquarters to Angora (Ankara) and declares National Pact; repeatedly defeats French (1920); establishes government in Angora, and is elected president of the Grand National Assembly; sends mission to Moscow; his rivalry with Enver, misunderstood by British, but understood by Russians; an enemy of Russian communism; and Stalin; signs treaty with, and receives military aid from, Russia; attacks British near Constantinople; as a threat to the Treaty of Sèvres; beginnings of war with Greece; increasingly draws France and Italy to his side; and the Arab-French conflict in Syria; blamed by British for Middle East disorders; and Armenia; and Afghanistan; and Soviet alliance structure; realism of his demands; gains support of Italy; reaches accord with France; and the Greek war; and the Chanak crisis; and the armistice of Mudanya 551 and peace talks at Lausanne

Kerensky, Alexander

Kerr, Philip

Keynes, John Maynard

Khedive of Egypt, the
see
Abbas II

Khiva

Khurma

Kim
(Kipling)

King, Henry

King-Crane Commission

Kipling, Rudyard

Kitchener of Khartoumst Earl of (Horatio Herbert Kitchener): his role in creating the modern Middle East; warned by Deedes of state of affairs in Turkey; meets with Churchill as war crisis mounts (July 1914); appointed War Minister; his character, habits, and military career; his views on the World War and his strategy for winning it; he and his aides regarded as experts on the Middle East; their bias; his aides and their views; FitzGerald writes and speaks for him; his misunderstanding of Islam and his proposal of an Arab caliphate; pre-1914 dealings with Abdullah; dealings with Hussein (1914); his differences with India; and the role of the Middle East in the war; and the Dardanelles expedition; his plans for the postwar Middle East; described by Lloyd George as a lighthouse; makes Sykes his representative; and the de Bunsen committee; and the Gallipoli campaign; loss of Cabinet support; powers reduced; and Hussein’s revolt; and creation of the Arab Bureau; and the Sykes-Picot Agreement; mission to Russia; death of; thought Palestine of little value; and Sykes; and Wahhabi religious revival; and Arab nationalism

Kressenstein, Kress von

Kun, Bela

Kurdistan

Kurds

Kut, siege of

Kuwait

Labor Zionist movement

Lambert, George

Lansdowneth Marquis of (Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice)

Lansing, Robert

Last Crusade, The
(Thomas)

Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia)

Leachman, Colonel Gerald

League of Nations; and Middle Eastern Mandates

Lebanon

Lenin, V. I. (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)

Lepsius, Pastor Johannus

Libya

Liman von Sanders, General Otto

Limpus, Rear-Admiral Sir Arthur H.

Lippmann, Walter

Lloyd, George

Lloyd George, David: his role in creation of the modern Middle East; political sponsor of Winston Churchill; later blames Churchill for the war with Turkey; “keen for Balkan confederation” Kitchener feels out of place with; low opinion of Cairo Intelligence; his war strategy; and Dardanelles campaign; describes Kitchener; says none of the Great Powers covets Arabia; and Gallipoli campaign; along with Bonar Law, tells Asquith to form a Coalition government; claims he fought to get high office for Churchill; blamed by Churchill; blames Churchill for the war and the Dardanelles campaign; becomes Minister of Munitions; critical of Kitchener; meets Sykes; moves away from Radicalism and Liberals and closer to Tories; becomes War Minister; overthrows Asquith and becomes Prime Minister; his presidential style of government; his focus on the Middle East; influence of Milner on; seeks postwar British hegemony in the Middle East; believes the Ottoman Empire brought about Russia’s collapse; flirts with notion of partitioning Russia; secret negotiations with Turkey; and Woodrow Wilson; and Zionism and the Balfour Declaration; and the Palestine campaign; and the Mesopotamian campaign; opposes Sykes-Picot Agreement; and Amery’s strategy; and negotiations for Ottoman surrender; aims to acquire Palestine and Mosul, and to exclude France from Syria; meets with Clemenceau, who agrees to give him Palestine and Mosul (December 1918); and the 1918 elections; claims Britain entitled to dominant role in postwar Middle East; abandons his program of domestic reforms in face of economic collapse; and the Peace Conference; abandons Syria to France; and the Treaty of Sèvres; responds to anti-Zionism of British administration in Palestine by appointing Samuel High Commissioner; and Mosul; and Persia; blames Curzon for Persian involvement; and Bolshevik Russia; his “vendetta against the Turks” criticized by Churchill; appoints Churchill Colonial Secretary; and Transjordan; opposes withdrawal from Iraq; tells Churchill what he and Balfour intended the Balfour Declaration to mean; his Greek-Turkish policies lose him support of former allies; and the Greek-Turkish war; and the Chanak crisis; his fall from power; his effect on the Middle East

Lloyd George, Roberts & Co.: represents Dr Herzl and the Zionist movement

London Conference (1920)

London Conference (1921)

London, Treaty of (1915): Italy’s agreement to join the Allies

Louis of Battenberg, Prince

Lowther, Sir Gerald

Ludendorff, Erich

Luxemburg, Rosa

Lvov, Prince G. E.

Macdonogh, G. M. W.

Macedonia: background for flourishing of Young Turkey views

McKenna, Reginald

Mackenzie, Compton

Mackinder, Sir Halford

McMahon, Sir Henry

McMahon-Hussein correspondence (1915—16)

Mahan, Alfred Thayer: invents the descriptive phrase “the Middle East”

Mahdi, the: significance of his title

Malcolm, James

Malleson, Major-General Wilfred

Mallet, Sir Louis

Manchester Guardian

Man-eaters of Tsavo, The
(Patterson)

Marlboroughth Duke of (Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill)

Marne, First Battle of

Maronites

Mason, A. E. W.

Masri, Aziz Ali al-

Masterson Smith, Sir James

Masurian lakes, Battle of

Maude, Major-General Stanley

Maxwell, General Sir John

Mazzini, Giuseppe

Mecca

Medina

Megiddo, Battle of

Mehmed V, Sultan

Mehmed VI, Sultan

Meinertzhagen, Colonel Richard

Mesopotamia (Iraq)

Mesopotamia Administration Committee

Metaxas, Ioannis

Methodist Episcopal Church

Mexico: and Zimmerman telegram

Michael, Grand Duke of Russia: refuses the throne

Millerand, Alexander

Milne, General George Francis

Milner, Alfred, Lord

Mirghani, Sir Sayyid Ali al-

Mond, Alfred

Montagu, Edwin

Montenegro

Moore, Sir Archibald

Morgan, J. P.

Morgenthau, Henry

Mosul

Mubarak, Sheik of Kuwait

Mudros, Armistice of

Murray, General Sir Archibald

Mussolini, Benito

Naqib of Baghdad, the (Sir Sayid Abdul Rachman)

National Pact, the (Turkish)

Navarino, Battle of (1827)

Newcombe, Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart F.

Newfoundland

New Republic

New Zealand

Nicholas II, Czar

Nicolson, Sir Arthur

Nilus, Sergei

Nixon, Sir John

Norris, Captain David T.

Northcliffest Viscount (Alfred Harmsworth)

Nuri el-Sa’id