A Peace to End all Peace (82 page)

27
Roskill,
Hankey
, Vol. 1, p. 594.

28
Balfour’s memorandum, quoted in Elizabeth Monroe,
Britain’s Moment in the Middle East: 1914–1971
, rev. edn (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 50–1.

29
Michael L. Dockrill and J. Douglas Goold,
Peace without Promise: Britain and the Peace Conferences, 1919–1923
(London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1981), p. 146.

30
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 172.

31
Briton Cooper Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921
(Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1971), p. 163.

32
John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 160.

33
London. House of Lords Record Office. Beaverbrook Collection. Lloyd George Papers. F—205—3. Document 9.

34
Ibid. Document 7.

35
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), Vol. 2, pp. 665–8.

36
Frances Stevenson,
Lloyd George: A Diary
, ed. by A. J. P. Taylor (New York and London: Harper & Row, 1971), p. 174.

37
London. House of Lords Record Office. Beaverbrook Collection. Lloyd George Papers. F—39—1—10.

38
Ibid. F—205—3. Document 7.

39
Ibid. F—36—6—56.

40
Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and after: 1918–1923
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), p. 25.

41
Desmond Stewart,
T. E. Lawrence
(New York and London: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 133; T. E. Lawrence,
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1935), ch. 6.

42
William H. McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1976), p. 255.

43
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 14th edn, s.v. “Influenza”
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Turkish Campaigns.”

CHAPTER 40

1
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 1:
January 1917–June 1919
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 412.

2
Kenneth O. Morgan,
Lloyd George
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974), p. 126.

3
Charles Loch Mowat,
Britain between the Wars 1918–1940
(London: Methuen University Paperback, 1968), p. 11.

4
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 450.

5
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 4:
1916–1922, The Stricken World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), pp. 179–80.

6
Howard M. Sachar,
The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914–1924
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), p. 246.

7
Paul C. Helmreich,
From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 28.

8
Elizabeth Monroe,
Britain’s Moment in the Middle East: 1914–1971
, rev. edn (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 37.

9
Ibid., p. 38.

10
Winston S. Churchill,
The Aftermath: Being a Sequel to the World Crisis
(London: Macmillan, 1941), p. 60.

11
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 182.

12
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, pp. 463–4.

13
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, p. 194.

14
Ibid., p. 196.

15
Ibid., p. 194.

16
Kenneth O. Morgan,
Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government 1918–1922
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 146.

17
John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 12;
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 15th edn, s.v. “Indian Subcontinent, History of the.”

18
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Stricken World
, pp. 477–8.

19
Arno J. Mayer,
Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles 1918–1919
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), p. 139.

CHAPTER 41

1
John Maynard Keynes,
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
(New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920), p. 38.

2
Ibid., p. 46.

3
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol.
2: 1919–1931
(London: Collins, 1972), p. 38.

4
Paul C. Helmreich,
From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920
(Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 18.

5
Ibid., pp. 19–20.

6
Ibid., p. 94.

7
Ibid., p. 95.

8
Ibid.

9
Roskill,
Hankey
, Vol. 2, p. 72.

10
Ibid., p. 80.

11
Ibid., p. 81.

12
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), Vol. 2, p. 691.

13
Leonard Baker,
Brandeis and Frankfurter: A Dual Biography
(New York: Harper & Row, 1984), p. 171.

14
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 197.

15
Ibid., p. 162.

16
Ibid., p. 194.

17
Ibid., p. 189.

18
Helmreich,
Paris to Sèvres
, p. 131.

19
Ibid., p. 139.

20
Lloyd George,
Memoirs
, p. 818.

21
Ibid., p. 26.

22
Lloyd George,
Memoirs
, p. 818.

23
Ibid., p. 711.

24
Ibid., p. 820.

25
Baker,
Brandeis and Frankfurter
, p. 170.

26
Roskill,
Hankey
, Vol. 2, p. 213.

27
Ibid., p. 89.

28
Daniele Varè,
Laughing Diplomat
(London: John Murray, 1938), p. 155.

29
Helmreich,
Paris to Sèvres
, p. 178.

30
Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and after: 1918–1923
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), p. 24.

31
Lloyd George,
Memoirs
, p. 491.

32
Ibid., pp. 723–4.

CHAPTER 42

1
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol. 2:
1919–1931
(London: Collins, 1972), p. 141.

2
Jukka Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East 1914–1920
(London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 104.

3
Paul C. Helmreich,
From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 28.

4
John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt, and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 172.

5
Roskill,
Hankey
, Vol. 2, p. 70.

6
Ibid., p. 115.

7
Ibid.

8
Erik Jan Zurcher,
The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement 1905–1926
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984), pp. 68
et seq
.

9
Ibid., pp. 95–6.

10
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), Vol. 2, p. 830.

11
Nevakivi,
Britain, France and the Arab Middle East
, p. 210.

12
C. Ernest Dawn,
From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism
(Urbana, Chicago and London: University of Illinois Press, 1973), p. 158.

13
Ibid., p. 178, app. 7. Cf. Elie Kedourie,
England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921
(Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978), p. 159.

14
Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and after: 1918–1923
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934), p. 112.

CHAPTER 44

1
P. J. Vatikiotis,
The History of Egypt
, 2nd edn (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), pp. 250
et seq
. The account provided in the text is principally based upon it and upon John Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of the War, 1918–1922
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 1981).

2
Sir James Rennell Rodd, a member of Lord Milner’s mission to Egypt, 1920.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Egypt.”

3
Darwin,
Middle East
, p. 68.

4
Ibid., p. 71.

5
Durham. University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Reginald Wingate Papers. 470/7.

6
Darwin,
Middle East
, p. 77.

7
Ibid., p. 72.

8
Ibid., p. 74.

9
Ibid.

10
Vatikiotis,
Egypt
, p. 265.

CHAPTER 45

1
T. A. Heathcote,
The Afghan Wars: 1839–1919
(London: Osprey, 1980), p. 172.

2
Leon B. Poullada,
Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929: King Amanullah’s Failure to Modernize a Tribal Society
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 239.

3
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Afghanistan.”

4
Heathcote,
Afghan Wars
, p. 179.

5
Poullada,
Reform and Rebellion
, p. 238, n. 11.

6
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Afghanistan,” according to which the treaty was concluded in 1920.

7
Poullada,
Reform and Rebellion
, p. 228.

8
Ibid., p. 247, n. 29.

CHAPTER 46

1
Briton Cooper Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921
(Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1971), p. 324.

2
Ibid.

3
David Holden and Richard Johns,
The House of Saud: The Rise and Fall of the Most Powerful Dynasty in the Arab World
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981), p. 69; Christine Moss Helms,
The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia: Evolution of Political Identity
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 129; J. B. Kelly,
Arabia, the Gulf and the West
(New York: Basic Books, 1980), p. 230.