A World at Arms (214 page)

30
The various editions of Hitler’s table–talkare full of material on this topic. See also Stuckart to Weizsäcker, 19 Oct. 1942, AA, St.S., “Politischer Schriftwechsel,” Bd. 9, fr. 30401 3–15.

31
Note Wittmann,
Schwedens Wirtschafisbezichungen,
pp. 228–35. There was rivalry between various agencies as to which one was to direct the European economy but no argument over the intention of running it all from Berlin.

32
Important on the broader issues: Rainer Zitelmann,
Hitler: Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs
(Hamburg: Berg, 1987). On the Austrian economy, see Norbert Schausberger, “Sieben Jahre deutsche Kriegswirtschaft in Osterreich,”
Jahrbuch 1986,
Dokumentationsarchiv des Osterreichischen Widerstandes (Vienna: Osterreichischer Bundesverlag, 1986), pp. 10–60. There is an excellent review of the literature on Austria in Evan B. Bukey, “Nazi Rule in Austria,”
Austrian History Yearbook
23 (1992), 202–33.

33
Still useful is the first serious exploration of this question, Enno Georg,
Die wirtschafilichen Unternehmungen der SS
(Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1965).

34
An excellent discussion of Speer and the literature on him is in Alfred C. Mierzejewski, “When did Albert Speer Give Up?”
Historical Journal
3I (1988), 391–97.

35
Bernd Wegner,
Hitlers politische Soldaten: Die Waffin-SS
1933–1945 (Paderborn: Schoningh, 1982); English ed.:
The Waffen SS: Ideology, Organization and Function,
trans. by Ronald Webster (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).

36
See the forthcoming book of Valdis O. Lumans,
Himmler’s Auxiliaries
(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press).

37
Dietrich Orlow,
The History of the Nazi Party:
1933–1945 (Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1973), chap. 7.

38
On this issue see Steinert,
Hitler’s War,
; Ian Kershaw,
The ‘Hitler Myth’ Image and Reality in the Third Reich
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), chaps. 6–8; and the series of
Meldungen aus dem Reich
edited by Heinz Boberach. On Bavaria, see Martin Broszat
et al.
(eds.),
Bayern in der NS-Zeit,
I (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1977), pp. 571ff. A very graphic account from the personal side in Mathilde Wolff-Monckeberg,
From the Other Side, To my Children: From Gemtany
1940–1945,
trans. and ed. by Ruth Evans (London: Peter

39
Robert E. Herzstein,
The War that Hitler Won: Goebbels and the Nazi Media Campaign
(New York: Paragon Books, 1987), chaps. 11–12; USSBS,
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on German Morale,
2 vols. (Washington: GPO, 1946–47). For an excellent study of a specific area, see Gordon J. Horwitz,
In the Shadow of Death: Living Outside Mauthausen
(New York: Free Press, 1990). A useful summary in Christoph Klessmann (ed.),
Nicht nur Hitlers Krieg: Der Zweite Weltkrieg und die Deutschen
(Dusseldorf: Droste, 1989), chaps. 2–4.

40
A particularly dramatic example is cited in Wilhelm, “Wie geheim war die ‘Endlosung’?” pp. 134–36.

41
The best short introduction is Peter Hoffmann,
Gemtan Resistance to Hitler
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1988). New and important are Horst Miihleisen, “Hellmuth Stieff und der deutsche Widerstand,”
VjZ
39 (1991), 339-77; Elizabeth Chowaniec,
Der “Fall Dohnanyi
” (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1991).

42
The American OSS saw the situation the same way; see OSS Report A-29084, “Resistance Forces within Germany,” 1 June 1944, NA, RG 165, Entry 77, Box 1418, File 6900-Germany.

43
On the circulation of a translation of a \Vhite Rose leaflet to the British government by Sir Stafford Cripps, see PRO, CAB 118/74.

44
On this attempt, see Heinz W. Doepgen,
Georg von Boeselager
(Herford: Mittler, 1986), pp. 71–72. An exceptionally well–informedmember of the German resistance told the American embassy in Madrid of the March bomb fiasco in December; see enclosure 2 to Despatch 1741 of 14 Dec. 1943, NA, RG 165, Entry 77, Box 1418, File 6700-Germany, Military Operations Nov. 1943. See also enclosure 1 with its accurate report on the situation in Germany.

45
Some material on these contacts may be found in FDRL, PSF Safe File, Hohenlohe; PSF Box 6, Safe File OSS; PSF Box 96, Sumner Welles, June-Dec. 1940; Welles to Roosevelt, 13 Nov. 1940, PSF Germany; Lochner to Currie, 19 June 1942, OF-198a; Welles to Roosevelt, 18 May 1942, PSF State; Donovan to Roosevelt, 29 July 1944, PSF Box 168, OSS Reports July 1944; in the PRO, C 10645/5/18, FO 371/24385; N 4956/48/ 18, C 4799/4799/18, C 5428/48/18, FO/30912; C 4548/155/18, FO 371/34448. The subject is now reviewed in detail in Klemens von Klemperer,
German Resistance to Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad,
1938–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).

46
Jochmann,
Hitler Monologe,
p. 239.

47
On this project, see Santoni,
Ultra,
pp. 74–77, and Chapter 4.

48
For summaries, see Yehuda Bauer,
A History of the Holocaust
(New York: Franklin Watts, 1982), pp. 236–37; Manfred Funke,
Starker oder Schwacher Diktator?
(Dusseldorf: Droste, 1989), pp. 172–74. More details in Steinberg,
All or
Nothing Liliana Picciotto Fargion

49
Note Edward R. Tannenbaum,
The Fascist Experience: Italian Society and Culture,
1922-
1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1972), p. 308.

50
In a somewhat exaggerated fashion, this is the burden of the two articles by Sadkovich, “Understanding Defeat,” and “Rommel and the Italians.”

51
See Tannenbaum’s comments on p. 313. An excellent comprehensive treatment in Gerhard Schreiber,
Die italienischen Militärinternierten im deutschen Machtbereich
1943-
1945 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1990).

52
Tannenbaum, pp. 316–17; Harry Fornari,
Mussolini’s Gadfly: Roberto Farinacci
(Nashville: Vanderbilt Univ. Press, 1971), pp. 188–89.

53
Latour,
Südtirol und die Achse,
chaps. 5–7.

54
Ibid., chap. 8: Arnold]. Toynbee,
Hitler’s Europe
(London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1954), pp. 96–97. Note the budget for the operational zone “Adriatisches Küstenland” (Adriatic Coastal Area) for the first quarter of 19451n BA, R 2/11407.

55
Note the report on this issue by the Japanese military attache in Italy, No. 103 of 25 Apr. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRA 9054–56; see also Memorandum by Gottfriedsen, 18 Sep. 1943, AA, St.S., “Japan,” Bd. 13, fr. 17375–78.

56
Tannenbaum,
Fascist Experience,
pp. 313–16; Alan Cassels,
Fascism
(New York: Crowell, 1975), pp. 315–18. Of interest is the apologia of Fascist Italy’s last ambassador to Germany, Filippo Anfuso. Originally published in 19491n French as
Du palais de Venise au lac de Garde,
it has appeared in two editions in Italian,
Roma-Berlino-Salo
and
Da Palazzo Venezia al lago di Garda;
there is an abbreviated German edition,
Rom-Berlin im diplomatischen Spiegel (Essen: Pohl, 1951).

57
Cassels, pp. 318-19; Charles F. Delzell,
Mussolini’s Enemies
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1961); Maria de Blasio Wilhelm,
The Other Italy: Italian Resistance in World War II
(New York: Norton, 1988). Massimo De Leonardis,
La Gran Bretagne e la resistenza partiziana in Italia,
1943–1945 (Naples: Scientifiche Italiane, 1988) is important.

58
Note the U.S. military intelligence reports on “Russian Policy in Italy,” 25 Apr. 1944 and 18 May 1944, in NA, RG 165, Entry 77, Box 2179, File 3850-390o-Italy.

59
Military government in Italy has not attracted as much attention as its counterpart in Germany. See David W. Ellwood,
Italy
1943–1945 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), and
L’alleato nemico: la politica dell’occupazione anglo–americanain Italia
1943–1946 (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1977); Robert M. Hill,
In the Wake of War: Memoirs of an Alabama Military Government Officer in World War II Italy
(University, Ala.: Univ. of Alabama Press, 1982); and the volume in the British official history, Charles R. S. Harris,
Allied Military Administration of Italy
1943–1945 (London: HMSO, 1957).

60
On the purge of Fascists, there is an excellent summary in Hans Woller, “Die Anfange der politischen Sauberung in Italien, 1943–1945: Eine Analyse des Office of Strategic Services,”
VjZ
38 (1990), 141-g0. For the establishment of the Italian government in the der politischen Sauberung in Italien, 1943–1945: Eine Analyse des Office of Strategic Services,”
VjZ
38 (1990), 141-g0. For the establishment of the Italian government in the area under Allied control, see Edgar R. Rosen, lanigreich des Siidens: Italien 1943/44
(Gottingen: Erich Goltze, 1988).

61
Churchill to Wilson T 00241215Z of 24 Feb. 1944, Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers, 14/44’ Mason-Macfarlane’s own views are very well presented in his “Draft Notes on Chapter 18 of Badoglio’s ‘Italy in the Second World War’.” He is certain that Roosevelt was correct in insisting on a new government under Bonomi after the liberation of Rome. He also reinforces the view that Stalin left the British and Americans to work things out in Italy as they thought best (Imperial War Museum, Mason-Macfarlane Papers, 20).

62
Rome (Quir.) to Tokyo No. 63 of 22 Jan. 1942, NA, RG 457, SRDJ 19127; Rome (Vat.) to Tokyo No. 15 of 27 May 1942, SRDJ 23097–98; Tokyo to Vichy No. 157, SRDJ 23462. In 1942, American policy toward the Pope was very courteous, in part because of U.S. relations with Latin America; see Welles to Roosevelt, 8 July 1942, FDRL, PSF Welles. Note also the section of Welles’s 18 Mar. 1940 comment on Pius XII omitted from
FRUS,
1940, 1: 108, in FDRL, PSF Box 9, Safe File, Welles Reports 1940.

63
Chadwick,
Britain and the Vatican,
p. 290.

64
There is a very fine series of British official histories of the home front called the United Kingdom Civil Series, edited by W. K. Hancock. it includes a
Statistical Digest of the War
prepared by the Central Statistical Office (London and Nendeln: HMSO and Kraus Reprint, 1975). The statistics in the text here are from the table on p. 8.

65
Ibid., pp. 13,37.

66
Ibid., p. 149. On the sending of British children out of the country, see Michael Fethney,
The Absurd and the Brave
(Lewes: Book Guild, 1990). On British women in the military, compare D. Collett Wadge (ed.),
Women in Uniform
(London: Dampson Low, 1946), for
a view from above, with Mary Lee Settle,
All the Brave Promises: Memories of Aircraft Woman 2nd Class
2146391 (London: Heinemann, 1966), with its view from below.

67
Paul B. Johnson,
Land Fit for Heroes: The Planning of British Reconstruction,
1916–1919
(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1968).

68
Social Insurance and Allied Services, Report by Sir William Beveridge
(New York: Macmillan, 1942). See also Milward,
War, Economy and Society,
p. 340; Gordon Wright,
The Ordeal of Total War,
1930–1945 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), p. 246.

69
Prime Minister’s Personal Minute D 95/3, 13 June 1943, PRO, CAB 120/1.

70
On the 1945 election, see Gary Mc Culloch, “Labour, the Left, and the British General Election of 1945,”
Journal of British Studies
24 (1985), 465–89; Kenneth O. Morgan,
Labour in Power,
1945–1951 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984); Henry Pelling,
The Labour Governments,
1945–1951 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1984). The background is dealt with in Kevin Jeffries,
The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics,
1940–1945
(Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1991), chaps. 2–8. Churchill’s role in the election campaign is described in the last volume of Martin Gilbert’s biography.

71
Most useful are two of the books of C.P. Stacey,
Arms, Men and Governments,
and
Six Years of War
(Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1955). On women in the Canadian navy, see Rosamond Greer,
The Girls of the King’s Navy
(Victoria, B.C., Canada: Sono Nis Press, 1983).

72
David Day,
The Great Betrayal: Britain, Australia and the Onset of the Pacific War,
1939–42 (New York: Norton, 1989). For the new relationships developing out of the war situation, see Roger John Bell,
Unequal Allies: Australian-American Relations and the Pacific War
(Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne Univ. Press, 1977).

73
Long,
Six Years War,
chap. 16, summarizes the impact on Australia.

74
A very helpful account in Patrick J. Furlong,
Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Righr on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era
(Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England, 1991).

75
Halifax to Amery, 15 July 1940, PRO, FO 800/318, f. 151. Cf. ibid., 24 July 1940, f. 159. On the famine in Bengal, see Paul R. Greenough,
Prospen’ty and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of
1943–44 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982); Milward,
War, Economy and Society,
pp. 280–81.

76
These issues are reviewed in two books by Gerald D. Nash,
The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War,
and
World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy
(Lincoln, Neb.: Univ. Of Nebraska Press, 1990), and Roger Lotchin,
Fortress California,
1910–1961
(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992). On changes in the South, see the thoughtful analysis in Pete Daniel, “Going among Strangers: Southern Reactions to World War II,”
Journal of American History
77 (1990), 886-g11.

77
A summary stressing the lack of change is Harvey Sitkoff, “American Blacks in World War II: Rethinking the Militancy-Watershed Hypothesis,” in James Titus (ed.),
The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century: The American Experience in Comparative Perspective
(USAFA Tenth Military History Symposium, 1982) (Washington: GPO, 1984), pp. 147–55 and following comment and discussion. On Eleanor Roosevelt’s role, see Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman (eds.),
Without Precedent: The Life and Career of Eleanor Roosevelt
(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ Press, 1984), pp. 88–107. A corrective for the view that only Japanese-Americans were affected by the panic in the American War II America awaits research.