A World at Arms (219 page)

116
Holsken, p. 117;
DRuZW,
5/1: 597; Murray,
Luftwaffe,
p. 181.

117
Holsken, p. 114; Groehler, “Hochdruckpumpe”; Hahn,
Waffen und Geheimwaffen,
2: 155–62; Hinsley, 3/1: 405 and n t, 413, 435–36, 439, map facing p. 593, 594–95.

118
The report is quoted in Holsken, p. 114. Much additional material in Heinz D. Holsken,
Die V. Waffen: Enstehung-Propaganda-Kriegseinsatz
(Stuttgart: Deutsche-Verlag-Anstalt, 1984).

119
A preliminary account in Thies,
Architect der We Itherrschaji,
pp. 136–48.

120
Hahn,
Waffen und Geheimwaffen,
2: 168–72. 121 Hinsley, 3/1: 51 n t, 335, 347; 3/2: 594–95. 122 Arnold Kramish,
The Griffin
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), pp. 99–102 (the identification of the source may need to be changed).

121
Hinsley, 3/1: 51 n t, 335, 347; 3/2: 594–95.

122
Arnold Kramish,
The Griffin
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), pp. 99–102 (the identification of the source may need to be changed).

123
Berlin to Tokyo (Vice Minister of War) No. 146 of 9 Feb. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRA 06766–72; see also Madrid to Tokyo No. 577 of IS Jan. 1945, SRA 15571.

124
Rohwer and Jäckel,
Funkaujkldrung,
p. 366; Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
3/1: chaps. 40–42 .

125
Hinsley, 3/1: 382–87. The dispersal to Poland led to important Polish intelligence reports for the British; see ibid., pp. 437–38, 441–42.

126
Ibid., pp. 402–3. The British later acquired large portions of a V-2 which had landed in Sweden. For an Aug. 1944 offer by the latter to provide complete and reliable information on V-2, 3, and 41n exchange for British plans to return to Norway, see N 4807/865/42, PRO, FO 371/43509.

127
Note Hinsley, 3/1: 339 and n, 415 and n, 448–49.

128
Several examples are mentioned in Holsken,
Die V-Waffen,
p. 101.

129
Ibid., p. 112. See also Hinsley, 3/1: 46–50. The German target date for use of the V-2 had been Nov. I, 1943. Bombing was primarily responsible for the delay until Sep. 8, 1944; see Collier,
Defence,
p. 339; Hinsley, 3/1: 375.

130
Jacob Neufeld,
The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960
(Washington: GPO, 1990), p. 11. Other projects are described in chaps. 1 and 2 of this book.

131
Eugene Emme,
Hitler’s Blitzbomber
(Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Documentary Research Study, 1951), takes one side; the best survey of the issue, J. Richard Smith and Eddie J. Creek,
Jet Planes of the Third Reich
(Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1982), pp. 101, 356, argues that Hitler’s decision was the correct one. So does the most recent examination, Alfred Price,
The Last Year of the Luftwaffi: May
1944
to May
1945 (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1991). See also Hinsley, 3/1: 332ff; 3/2: 595ff; Werner Girbig, ...
mit Kurs auf Leuna: Die Luftoffinsive
gegen die Treibstaffindustrie und der deutsche Abrvehreinsatz I944-1945 (Stuttgart: Motorbuch, 1980), p. 148; Olaf Groehler, Kampf um die Luftherrschafi (Berlin-East: Militarverlag der DDR, 1988), pp. 156-68.

132
Smith and Creek,
Jet Planes,
chap. 17; Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
3/1: 333; 3/2: 598. 133 Smith and Creek, pp. 123–24; Hinsley, 3/1: 336n. The first reference to jets in Brooke’s

133
Smith and Creek, pp. 123–24; Hinsley, 3/1: 336n. The first reference to jets in Brooke’s diary is dated 17 Feb. 1944: "Had intended to visit the display of new jet aircraft but weather was too bad" (Liddell Hart Centre, Alanbrooke Papers).

134
A good survey in Alfred Price,
Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare
(London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1977).

135
On these devices, “Gee,” “Oboe,” and “H2S,” see Webster and Frankland,
Strategic Air Offensive,
4: Annex 1. There is also a most interesting report, prepared in Oct. 1945, Royal Air Force, Headquarters Bomber Command, Signals Branch, “War in the Ether, Europe 1939-1944, Radio Countermeasures in Bomber Command: An Historical Note," in PRO, AIR 20/1492.

136
Reginald V. Jones,
Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence,
1939–1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978). Very helpful, his piece in Rohwer and Jäckel,
Funkaufklärung,
pp. 228–54.

137
The best account is Mark Walker,
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear
Power, 1939-1949 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1989). A good summary in his "Legenden urn die deutsche Atombombe," V./Z 38 (1990), 45-74, which also discusses the relevant literature, especially the post-war lies of German scientists who worked on the project.

138
For the raids on Norsk Hydro, see Cruikshank,
SOE in Scandinavia,
pp. 198–202; Kramish, pp. 167–73; M.R.D. Foot,
SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive, 1940–1946
(London: BBC Publications, 1984), p. 211, Walker, pp. 185–88. According to Kramish,
The Griffin,
pp. 83–89, much of the supply on hand in April 1940 had been saved at the last minute and sent to France and subsequently to England.

139
Memoirs of Boetticher,
BA/MA,
N 323/56, f. 232–33, 235–36.

140
Kramish, pp. 126–32; Tagebuch Chef des Stabes AHA, 12 Jan. 1942, Imperial War Museum, MI 14/981/2. The whole process is described in detail in Walker’s book.

141
See Hinsley, 3/2, Appendix 29; Samuel
Goudsmit,ALSOS
(New York: Schuman, 1947).

142
See the comment of the Minister for the Coordination of Defence at the War Cabinet meeting of 7 Oct. 1939 (War Cab. 40[39], PRO, CAB 65/3, f. 110-111); and of Professor Lindemann (Lord Cherwell) on 9 Oct. 1939 (PRO, ADM 205/4).

143
Hinsley, 2: 122–28. See also John Ehrman,
The Atomic Bomb: An Account of British Policy in the Second World War
(London: Cabinet Office, July 1953), a secret print based on British sources and now declassified; and Margaret Gowing,
Britain and Atomic Energy,
1939–1945 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1964).

144
Jones,
Manhattan,
pp. 37–44. On the American program, see also Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson,
A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Vol.
1:
The New World,
1939–1946, (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1962); and a work which combines much scientific information with political polemics.

145
Walker,
Quest for Nuclear Power,
chap. 20.

146
Jones, pp. 43–44. The British used the code–name “Tube Alloys.”

147
See Jones, pp. 74ff; Leslie R. Groves,
Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
(New York: Harper, 1962).

148
Jones, pp. 228–35.

149
See the summary in Robert M. Hathaway,
Ambiguous Partnership: Britain and America,
1944–1947 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1981), pp. 212–15; Dallek,
Roosevelt and
Foreign Policy,
pp. 416–17.

150
Note the material in FDRL, PSF Box 104, War Department 1943. Cf. Jones, pp. 228–32 .

151
The most forceful statements of the second view are Martin J. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed:
The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance
(New York: Knopf, 1975), and Barton J. Bernstein, “Roosevelt, Truman and the Atomic Bomb, 1941–1945: A Reinterpretation,”
Political Science Quarterly
90 (1975), 23–69.

152
Samuel I. Rosenman (ed.),
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
13
vols. (New York: Harper, 1950), 9: 93. See also Loewenheim
et al.
(eds.),
Roosevelt and
Churchill,
pp. 57–58.

153
David A. Rosenberg, “U.S. Nuclear Stockpile, 1945 to 1950,”
Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists
38 (1982), 25–30, provides the most accurate information currently available.

154
One of the few serious works in a most difficult field is Robert C. Williams,
Klaus
Fuchs, Atom Spy
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1987), which also has a fine bibliography. See Professor David Holloway’s forthcoming book,
Stalin and the Bomb,
to be published by Yale Univ. Press, on the Soviet nuclear program, for which he has been able to utilize newly released information and which he has discussed with me.

155
There is an account of the Japanese project in Pacific Research Society,
The Day Man
Lost: Hiroshima,
6
August
1945 (Tokyo, Palo Alto, Calif.: Kodansha International, 1972),

156
Stockholm to Tokyo No. 232 of 9 Dec. 1944, NA, RG 457, SRA 14628–32.

157
Samuel W. Mitcham,
Men of the Luftwaffe
(Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1988), pp. 72-

158
See PRO, AIR 20/2759’

159
Note the Luftwaffe report of 29 July 1941 cited in
DRuZW,
4: 706–7, as an example of miscalculation.

160
key figure in the development of British tactical air support is described in Vincent Orange,
Coningham: A Biography ofAir Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham
(London: Methuen, 1990). On the pressures on the British government to do something in early 1942, see Villa,
Unauthorized Action
, chap. 4.

161
See, e.g., his 13 Mar. 1941 memorandum on the absolute need for air superiority before landing troops, in PRO, AIR 20/2759.

162
Note Charles Whiting,
The Three-Star Blitz: The Baedeker Raids and the Start of Total War
1942–1943 (London: Cooper, 1987). I do not find the discussion of these matters in
DRuZW,
6, convincing.

163
Boog,
Luftwaf Jenj Uhrung,
pp. 135–36.

164
Hinsley,
British Intelligence,
2: 521–23.

165
See Martin Middlebrook,
The Berlin Raids: RAP Bomber Command Winter
1943/44 (London: Viking, 1988).

166
Hastings,
Bomber Command,
pp. 306ff; Saward,
“Bomber” Harris,
pp. 158–60.

167
Hastings, pp. 201–5.

168
Boog,
Lufiwaffenj Uhrung,
pp. 204–14.

169
Smith and Creek,
Jet Planes,
p. 66.

170
Clark Kerr to London No. 53 of 22 Oct. 1943, PRO, PREM 3/11/10.

171
PRO, AIR
20/3357,
p. 4.

172
See the papers beginning in late August 19441n PRO, AIR 19/818; cf. Alfred C. Mierzejewski,
The Collapse of the German War Economy,
1944–1945:
Allied Air Power and the German National Railway
(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 70–71 .

173
Mierzejewski, p. 167, explains how much of this information was ignored.

174
The reports of the USSBS were published by the GPO; the British survey was not published, but a four volume study by Webster and Frankland appeared in the official United Kingdom history of World War II instead. There is a helpful discussion of the two projects in Volume 4, Annex V, of the latter.

175
Hinsley,
British Intelligence, 3/1:
46–51.

176
The appearance of Dudley Saward’s biography,
“Bomber” Harris
produced very important information and provoked a most interesting series of reviews in the
Journal of the Royal United Seroice Institute for Defence Studies
130, No.2 (1985), 62–70.

177
Mierzejewski, p. 186.

178
A survey of all belligerents and fronts in Anthony Rhodes,
Propaganda, The A rt of Persuasion: World War II
(New York: Chelsea House, 1976). For additional insights, stressing the racial angle, see John Dower,
War Without Merry: Race and Power in the
Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986).

179
The extensive German intervention into the 1940 American election awaits its historian. For 1944, see “Vermerk Gesandter Megerle, Flihrerhauptquartier: Amerika-Aktion,” 7 Feb. 1944, and Megerle to Legation Zagreb, No. 128 of 30 Jan. 1944, AA, Gesandtschaft Zagreb, “Geheime Reichssachen,” Bd.
1/44
-
50/44.

180
“Vertrauliche Informationen Nr.
328/41”
and “Nr.
329/41”
of 14 and 15 Dec. 1941, BA, Oberheitmann, ZSg.
109/28,
f. 41–43, 45.

181
Boelcke,
Kriegspropaganda,
pp. 375–81.

182
On German radio propaganda, see Herzstein,
The War that Hitler Won.
Though dated, Ernst Kris and Hans Speier,
German Radio Propaganda
(London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1944), is still useful.

183
A helpful introduction in Daniel Lerner,
Sykewar: Psychological Warfare against Germany, D-Day to VE-Day
(New York: Stewart, 1949).

184
The pass is pictured in Anthony Rhodes,
Propaganda,
p. 147.

185
Both the American and the British official histories include extensive series dealing with the medical aspect. For a brief history of the “British Medical History of the Second World War,” see Sir Arthur S. Mac Nulty’s account in Robin Higham (ed.),
Official Histories: Essays and Bibliographies from around the World
(Manhattan, Kans.: Kansas State Univ. Library, 1970), pp. 515–17. For the American navy see the piece by Quirtin M. Sanger, ibid., pp. 536–42; there is a preliminary report on the army’s extensive series by John Boyd Coates in ibid., pp. 595–602. The Canadian official medical history was edited by W.R. Fensby (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1953–56); Bishen L. Raina edited the Indian one (Delhi, 1961–62); Thomas D.M. Stout the New Zealand volumes (Wellington, 1954–58); Allan S. Walker the Australian ones (Canberra, 1952–61). The U.S. army also published an interesting volume on
The U.S. Army Veterinary Service in World War II
by one (Delhi, 1961–62); Thomas D.M. Stout the New Zealand volumes (Wellington, 1954–58); Allan S. Walker the Australian ones (Canberra, 1952–61). The U.S. army also published an interesting volume on
The U.S. Army Veterinary Service in World War II
by Everett B. Miller (Washington: GPO, 1961).