Chinese Comfort Women (49 page)

war reparation framework set by allied powers,
175
,
179
-
81
.
See also
Chinese forces; United States Anti-Japanese War.
See
Second Sino-Japanese War Argibay, Carmen Maria,
182

Arimitsu Ken,
173

Asian Women Human Rights Council,
2

Asian Women’s Fund (AWF,
known in Japanese as
Josei no tameno Ajia heiwa kokumin kikin,
lit
. Citizens’ Asia Peace Fund for Women),
14
,
162
-
63

Asō Tarō,
184

Asō Tetsuo,
32
,
36
,
52
,
60
,
205
n
6

Association on the History of the Resistance War (Zhongguo kang-Ri zhanzhengshi xuehui),
175

Association for Maintaining Order (Zhian weichihui): involvement in comfort stations,
43
-
44

local civilian organization supervised by Japanese,
42

rounding up local women for comfort stations,
31
,
44
,
45
,
57
,
126
,
142

Association Seeking Resolution of the Comfort Women Issue through Legislation (Ianfu mondai no rippō kaiketsu o motomeru kai),
185

Association to Support the Claims of Chinese War Victims (Chūgokujin sensō higaisha no yōkyū o sasaeru kai),
172

Association to Support the Lawsuits of Chinese Comfort Women (Chūgokujin “ianfu” saiban o shiensuru kai),
172

Association for Uncovering the Facts of Sexual Violence Committed by the Japanese Military in China and Supporting the Legal Cases for Redress (Chūgoku ni okeru Nihongun no seibōryoku no jittai o akiraka ni shi baishō o shiensuru kai),
172
-
73

B
attle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945
(Stanford University),
14

Brook, Timothy, xx,
23
,
207
n
48

brutal treatment of Chinese comfort women and civilians: abused/raped to death,
55
,
68
,
71
-
72

bayoneting,
11
,
22
,
48
,
67
,
68
,
87
,
194

beatings,
11
,
34
,
46
,
49
,
65
,
72

death if too sick or weak to “work,”
40
,
61
,
70

decapitation,
11
,
58
,
71

drowning after multiple rapes,
55

burying alive,
45
,
70
,
110
,
112

efforts to explain Japanese soldiers’ behaviour,
22
-
23
,
194

infected with sexually transmitted diseases,
60
,
70

murder of comfort women with forces’ withdrawal,
73
,
190
,
212
n
27

punishment for escaping or escape efforts,
5
,
11
,
45
,
58
,
71
,
105
,
110
,
112
,
128

punishment for resisting or not “enjoying”

rape,
11
,
28
,
34
,
45
,
49
,
114
,
137
-
38

records in Japanese army’s war documents,
72

Salvarsan injections against syphilis,
61

torture as punishment or for entertainment,
8
-
9
,
70
-
71
,
128

treatment of female Chinese POWs,
47
-
48
,
121
.
See also
survivors’ narratives; Chen Yabian; Huang Youliang; Lei Guiying; Li Lianchun; Lin Yajin; Lu Xiuzhen; Tan Yuhua; Wan Aihua; Yin Yulin; Yuan Zhulin; Zhou Fenying; Zhu Qiaomei brutal treatment of pregnant Chinese women: civilians,
68

comfort women,
48
,
60
,
105

in early Sino-Japanese war,
22

POWs,
47
-
48

C
anada on Japan’s accepting responsibility for comfort women system,
184

Cavallo, Steven, xix

Center for Research and Documentation on Japan’s War Responsibility (JWRC),
3
,
17

Central Archives of China (Zhongyang danganguan),
16
,
40
,
42
.

Changzhou,
31

Chen Houzhi,
169

Chen Jinyu,
169
,
176
-
77

Chen Lifei: financial aid for comfort station survivors,
187

financial contribution to cost of investigation,
170

at funerals for former comfort women,
107
,
185
(f); investigation on Hainan Island,
173

prosecutor at Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal (2000),
182

representative for plaintiffs in lawsuit against Japan, filed in US,
182

research on Chinese comfort women,
13
-
14
,
144
,
169

scope of victimization,
11

support for Yuan Zhulin at war crimes tribunal,
77

testimony at symposium at Shanghai Normal University,
134

Chen Lintao,
174

Chen Shilian,
132

Chen Yabian: experience as comfort woman,
132
-
33

lawsuit against Japanese government,
176
-
77

photograph,
131

physical and mental difficulties after war,
133
-
34

poverty after WWII,
156
,
196

survivor of comfort station on Hainan Island,
16
,
132
-
33

Chen Youhong,
128

Chen Zuliang,
182
,
189

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi),
27
,
153
-
54

child-daughter-in-law,
82
,
83
-
84
,
90
,
120
,
213
n
1

China: during Cultural Revolution,
5
,
129
,
133
,
140
,
146
,
158

Five Guarantees Program,
133
-
34

grassroots movement to shed light on comfort women issue,
6

lack of financial aid for comfort women survivors,
187

lack of thorough investigation re. comfort women postwar,
5

military tribunals for Japanese war crime suspects,
154

patriarchal sexism re. comfort women,
12
,
158
-
59

postwar environment for comfort women: Committee for the Investigation of the Victimization of Former Chinese “Comfort Women” (Zhongguo yuan “weianfu” shouhai shishi diaocha weiyuanhui),
187
-
88

redress movement,
165
-
70

social and political discrimination against comfort women,
12
,
158
,
192
-
93
,
195
-
96

survivors’ lawsuits,
174
-
78

treatment of comfort women due to nationalistic prejudice and patriarchal ideology,
12
,
158
-
59
,
192
-
93
,
195
-
96
.
See also
Second Sino-Japanese War, 1931-45

China Foundation for Human Rights Development (Zhongguo renquan fazhan jijinhui),
175

China Legal Aid Foundation (Zhongguo falü yuanzhu jijin),
172
,
187
-
88

China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945
(Stanford University),
14

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan),
15
,
171

Chinese Comfort Women
(Qiu, Su, Chen): Chinese primary document sources,
14
-
15

Chinese research findings,
15
-
17

contribution to knowledge about comfort women system,
6
-
12

Japanese research findings,
17

translations,
14
,
17
-
18
.
See also
survivors’ narratives

Chinese “Comfort Women” Archives (Zhongguo weianfu ziliaoguan. Shanghai Normal University),
135
(f),
156
,
188
-
89

Chinese forces:
5
th Army,
22

19th Route Army,
22

battle at Shanghai (1932),
21
-
22

battle of Shanghai (1937),
27

battles at Taierzhuang and Xuzhou,
35

Chinese Expeditionary Army,
189

defence of Changsha (1939-44),
108

defence of Nanjing (1937),
27
-
28

defence of
Wuhan (1938),
102

Eighth Route Army,
48
,
208
n
54

fighting with US air force support in Yunnan (1942-43),
141

fighting at Wanping (1937),
27

guerrilla fighting,
35
,
96

Hundred Regiments Offensive,
114

New Fourth Army,
68
,
213
n
5
.
See also
Second Sino-Japanese War, 1931-35

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC; [Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi]),
15
-
16
,
22
,
167

Chinkin, Christine,
182

Choi, Chungmoo,
2

Chongming Island,
94
-
97
,
98
-
101

Citizens’ Asia Peace Fund for Women (
see also
Asian Women’s Fund, or AWF),
162
-
64

comfort stations: army and naval stations in Shanghai,
22
-
26

brutality of Japanese military as “gesture of conquest,”
23

coerced collaborators to round up women,
42
-
45
,
207
n
48

collaborators used to gather women,
30
-
31

drunken violence in,
61
-
62

expansion of system after Nanjing Massacre (1937),
10
,
29
-
33

infrastructure provided by the Japanese
kashizashiki
(brothels),
23
-
24

institutionalized mass rape,
7
,
11
-
12
; “justification” by Japanese leaders for comfort stations,
7
,
12
,
24
,
26
,
29
,
43
,
65
,
72

names (euphemisms) for comfort stations,
51
-
52

number of comfort stations (
see also
Hainan Island),
11
,
25
,
33
,
34
,
40
-
41
,
50

for occupying forces after 1945,
152

sanctioning of sexual violence and criminal behaviour outside stations,
68

term specific to Japanese military’s system of sexual slavery,
1

as war crimes,
7
,
12
,
65
-
66
.
See also entries beginning with
comfort stations comfort stations, management by Japanese military: army’s direct management of,
31
,
50
-
51
,
57
-
59

condom regulation and usage,
60
,
128
,
132
,
137

drunken violence in,
61
-
62

fees for military,
30
-
31
,
36
,
59
,
62
,
63
(t),
64

government involvement,
26
,
50
-
51

medical exams, accounts by comfort women,
100
,
104

medical exams, regulations and compliance,
24
,
43
-
44
,
47
,
54
,
56
,
59
,
61
,
70
,
128
,
132

military accounting courses on establishing comfort stations,
36
-
37

military’s authorization and involvement in,
26
,
41
-
42

payments to, and charges for, comfort women,
62
-
65
,
129
,
132

regulations for use of comfort stations,
57
-
58
,
59
-
60

rotation program for comfort women,
40

rules for Chinese comfort women,
58
-
59

sexually transmitted diseases,
61

comfort stations, named sites: Changzhou, Jiangsu Province,
31

City God Temple (Chenghuang-miao), Fuyang County, Zhejiang Province,
55

Daiichi (Dayi) Saloon, Shanghai,
25
,
25
(f),
56
,
56
(f),
191
-
92

Dalang stronghold, Hainan Island,
135
,
136
-
38

Dong Family Compound (Dongjia-gou), Yunnan Province,
189
-
90