Chinese Comfort Women (53 page)

Japanese Military Comfort Women System Atrocities Museum (Dongjia-gou, Yunnan Province),
189
-
90

lack of government support,
169-70

NGO groups’ support for survivors,
187
-
88

political involvement in redress movement,
167
-
68

research re. comfort stations on Hainan Island,
168
-
69

as response to neo-nationalist denial of Japan’s war atrocities,
3
,
15
,
166
-
67

Sino-Japanese Joint Communiqué (1972) and claims by individuals,
166
-
68
,
175
,
180
-
81
.
See also
China, postwar environment for comfort women; litigation by Chinese survivors against Japanese government; Research Center for Chinese “Comfort Women” (Shanghai Normal University); Tong Zeng redress movements in Japan for comfort women: Asian Women’s Fund (AWF),
161
-
64

Center for Research and Documentation on Japan’s War Responsibility (JWRC),
3
,
17

criticism of government report on comfort women system,
161

debate re. state compensation for victims,
162
-
64

divided Japanese public opinion on government responsibility,
162

extensive Japanese legal team’s support for Chinese survivors and investigations,
171
-
72

government reports on limited investigation into comfort women system (1992, 1993),
161
-
62

government’s denial of state involvement,
3
-
4
,
15
,
93
,
160
-
62

initiated by scholars and women’s groups, xix,
1

inspiration to Chinese women, xix,
6

legal liability of Japan for sex slavery, UN reports on,
164
-
65
,
179
-
80

Violence Against Women in War - Network Japan,
188

Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM), Tokyo,
188
,
190
.
See also
Japan; Japanese scholarship re. comfort women system; litigation by Chinese survivors against the Japanese government redress movements in South Korea for comfort women: apology by Japanese prime minister (1992),
161

initiated by scholars and women’s groups (early 1990s),
1
, xix; inspiration to Chinese women, xix; publications in English about comfort women,
2

South Korean Church Women’s Alliance,
160
.
See also
Korea; South Korea, postwar environment for comfort women; Yun Chong-ok

Research Association on the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan,
2
,
13
-
14
,
36
-
37

Research Center for Chinese “Comfort Women” (Zhongguo “weianfu” yanjiu zhongxin, Shanghai Normal University): assistance for educating Li Lianchun’s grandchildren,
147

Chinese survivors’ response to AWF,
163
-
64

coordination of NGOs’ efforts to research and assist survivors,
186

documentary of Yin Yulin’s life (
The Last Survivors
),
118

documenting experiences of former comfort women,
13
-
14

financial assistance for surviving comfort women,
97
,
101
,
140
,
186
-
87

international symposiums,
186
-
87

research on comfort stations,
36
-
37

testimonies of comfort women notarized by Centre prior to their death,
101

Riben qinlüe Huabei zuixing dangan: Xingbaoli
(Documented war crimes during Japan’s invasion of north China: Sexual violence),
16

Rotundo, James, xix

Ruff-O’Herne, Jan,
2
,
164

S
akurai Shin,
162

San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951): China and Korea excluded from treaty talks,
179
,
222
n
41

Japan’s contradictory interpretations of treaty,
180
-
81

non-binding on China, a non-signatory,
180

question whether waiver of claims in treaty applies to China,
180
-
81

Sancho, Nelia,
2

Schellstede, Sangmie Choi,
2

Seaton, Philip A.,
162

Second National Archive of Historical Documents (Zhongguo dier lishi danganguan),
16

Second Sino-Japanese War, 1931-45 (
full-fledged
, 1937-45; War of Resistance): battles at Shanghai,
21
-
23
,
27

brutality of Japanese soldiers toward Chinese women,
22
-
23

capture of Beiping, Tianjin, and Wanping (1937),
27

capture of Chongming Island and establishment of comfort stations,
94
-
101

capture of Hainan Island (1939),
126

capture of
Wuhan and Guangzhou (1938),
35
,
102

Chinese casualties,
35
,
204
n
2

Chinese forced labour,
16
,
35
,
110
,
135
,
142
,
166
,
204
n
3

Chinese Hundred Regiments Offensive,
114

Chinese resistance,
21
-
22
,
27
,
35
,
40
,
102
,
108
,
114
,
141

comfort station system expanded after Nanjing (1937),
10
,
29
-
33

comfort station system started in Shanghai (1932),
22

invasion of Yunnan Province (1942),
141

Japanese occupation in Manchuria (1932),
13
,
21

Lugou-qiao (Marco Polo Bridge) incident (1937),
27

makeshift comfort stations,
10
-
11

Mukden (or Manchurian) Incident (1931),
21

Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanjing) (1937),
13
,
27
-
28

Operation Destroy All (Japanese),
35
,
154

random rapes and murder of civilians by soldiers rarely punished,
29

Sino-Japanese Joint Communiqué (1972) and war compensation,
166
-
68
,
175
,
180
-
81

Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (1952, with Taiwan),
175
,
179
-
81

soldiers permitted to rape and then kill Chinese women,
48
-
49

source documents,
14

treatment of female Chinese POWs,
47
-
48
,
121

US air force assistance to Chinese military operations,
141
.
See also
Chinese forces; Japanese military

Self-Guard Corps,
116
,
126
,
132

Senda Kakō,
17
,
37
,
160

Shanghai: abduction of women for comfort stations,
47

army comfort stations,
25
-
26

battles at Shanghai,
21
-
22
,
27

comfort station infrastructure provided by the Japanese
kashizashiki
(brothel),
23
-
24

early naval comfort stations,
22
-
23

the first formal comfort station in China,
22

Japanese prostitutes pre-1932,
23
-
24

Military Entertainment Facility,
37

number and size of comfort stations,
11
,
25
,
25
(f),
33

occupation by Japanese (1932),
22
,
27

Shanghai Normal University: Chinese Comfort Women Archives,
135
(f),
156
,
188
-
89
.
See also
Research Centre for Chinese “Comfort Women” (Shanghai Normal University) Shanxi Province: comfort women system perpetuated after end of war,
188

establishment of Hejia-xiang Brothel,
42
-
43

first lawsuit against Japanese government by Shanxi residents,
174

formation of transnational support groups for redress movement,
168

international groups’ investigations into comfort women issue,
172
-
73

occupation by Japanese (1937),
114
.
See also
Yu County, Shanxi Province Shen Fugen,
53
-
54

Shen Panwen,
167

Shen Xiaomei,
53
-
54

Shen Yuexian,
53
-
54

Shi Liuliu,
53
-
54

Shikanai Nobutaka,
36

Shimizu Yukiko,
173

Silence Broken: Korean Comfort Women
(Kim-Gibson),
2

Sino-Japanese Joint Communiqué (1972): debate over right of individual Chinese to claim war compensation,
166
-
68
,
175
,
180
-
81

defence in second lawsuit by Chinese survivors,
175

nullification of Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (1952),
180

Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty (1978),
166

Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (1952, with Taiwan),
175
,
179
-
81

Soh, C. Sarah,
4
,
9
-
10

Song Fuhai,
58
-
59

South Korea, postwar environment for comfort women: apology by Japanese prime minister (1992),
161

financial aid for former comfort women,
187
,
224
n
13

Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan,
2

Museum of Sexual Slavery by Japanese Military,
188

recommendation urging Japan to accept responsibility for comfort women system,
184

Research Association on the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan,
2
,
13
-
14
,
36
-
37
;
Silence Broken: Korean Comfort Women
(Kim-Gibson),
2

South Korean Church Women’s Alliance,
160
;
True Stories of Korean Comfort Women
(Howard),
2

War and Women’s Human Rights Museum, Seoul,
190

Yun Chong-ok,
160
.
See also
comfort women, drafted from Japan and Korea; redress
movements in South Korea for comfort women

South Korean Church Women’s Alliance,
160

Su Guangming,
133
,
169

Su Shi,
169

Su Zhiliang: on brutalization of Chinese civilians in “recruiting” comfort women,
8

estimated number of comfort women and “replacement” rate,
6
,
38

financial aid for comfort station survivors,
187

financial contribution to cost of investigation,
170

investigation of comfort women system on Hainan Island,
173

leader in researching comfort women in China,
13
-
14
,
169

on location of Yangjiazhai Entertainment Centre,
53

photograph,
173
(f); prosecutor at Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal,
182

response to AWF inquiry,
163
-
64

on scope of victimization,
11

verification of survivors’ stories,
78
,
144
,
194

Sugino Shigeru,
31

survivors’ narratives: contribution to current knowledge of comfort women,
6
-
12

interview process,
77
-
78

Liu Mianhuan, xvii-xix; reason for telling these stories, xx; testimonies largely unavailable to non-Chinese-speaking audiences,
6

testimonies notarized,
77
,
101

verification of oral accounts,
78
-
79
,
194
.
See also
Chen Yabian; Huang Youliang; Lei Guiying; Li Lianchun; Lin Yajin; Lu Xiuzhen; Tan Yuhua; Wan Aihua; Yin Yulin; Yuan Zhulin; Zhou Fenying; Zhu Qiaomei

Suzuki Hiraku,
42

Suzuki Yūko,
17

T
aguchi Shinkichi,
47
-
48

Taipei Women’s Rescue Foundation,
163
,
186

Taiwan, postwar environment for comfort women: “comfort women’s” museum,
186

financial aid for former comfort women,
187
,
224
n
13

lawsuit on behalf of survivors against Japanese government,
177
-
78

recommendation urging Japan to accept responsibility for comfort women system,
184

Taipei Women’s Rescue Foundation to aid comfort women,
163
,
186

Taiwanese women trafficked by Japanese as comfort women,
31
-
32
,
189
.
See also
comfort women, drafted from Taiwan Takagi Ken’ichi,
17

Takemae Eiji,
152
,
163

Takizawa Takaomi,
176

Tan Guifu,
112

Tan Yadong,
176
-
77

Tan Yaluan,
136