Chinese Comfort Women (51 page)

Gong Bohua,
182

Gu Xiang,
59
-
60

Gu Zhangfu,
53
-
54

Guan Jianqiang,
182

Guan Ning,
169

Guandong Army (
also
Kwantung Army),
21
-
22
,
27
,
37
-
38
,
42
,
54

Guo Xicui,
174
-
75
,
182

Guo Yaying,
101
,
181
-
82

Guomindang.
See
Nationalist Party of China (Guomindang,
also
Kuomintang)

H
ainan Island: comfort station in Ya County,
131
,
132

comfort women sent out to troops in remote areas,
54

Dalang comfort station,
135
,
136
-
38

deceit used to “recruit” comfort women,
46
-
47

forced collaboration of Chinese in system,
44

Happy House comfort station,
60

investigation of comfort women system,
16
,
173
-
74

large-scale abduction of women (1941),
39

number of comfort stations/women,
16
,
73
-
74
,
126
,
131
,
169

occupation by Japanese (1939),
126

Shilu Iron Mine Comfort Station,
46
,
58
,
71
-
72

Tengqiao Comfort Station,
51
(f),
126
,
130

Zhaojia-yuan Comfort Station,
39
-
40
,
61
,
69
,
70

Hara Zenshirō,
37

Hata Ikuhiko,
38

Hayao Torao,
72

Hayashi Hirofumi,
17

He Chuangshu,
182

He Ji,
169

He Tianyi,
40
-
41

Hebei Province,
40
-
41
,
42
,
49

Hebei Province Academy of Social Sciences,
16
,
40
-
41

Heilongjiang Province,
50
,
69

Henry, Nicola,
4
,
153

Henson, Maria Rosa,
2
,
206
n
24

Hicks, George,
161

Hirabayashi Hisae,
17

Hirano Shigeru,
52

Hirose Saburō,
42

Honda, Michael,
184

Hong Kong,
39
,
46
,
52

Hongkou District (Shanghai),
33
,
33
(t),
34

Hora Tomio,
17

Hou Datu,
78
,
121
-
22
,
194

Hou Dong’e,
168

Hou Qiaolian,
174
-
75

Howard, Keith,
2

Hu Jiaren,
44

Huang A-tau,
177
-
78

Huang Huirong,
71

Huang Wenchang,
129

Huang Youliang: escape from comfort station,
71
,
129
,
196
-
97

experience as comfort woman on Hainan Island,
51
(f),
127
-
29

life after war,
129
-
30

photograph,
126

testimony and lawsuit against Japanese government,
16
,
130
,
176
-
77

Huang Yufeng,
176
-
77

Huang Yuxia,
71
-
72

Hubei Province,
43
-
45
,
64
-
65
,
102
,
157
-
58

Hunan Province,
67
,
68
,
108

I
keda Eriko,
17
,
188

Imperial Japanese Army: abuse of Chinese women considered “entertainment,”
8
-
9
,
70
-
71

capture of Chongming Island,
94
,
98

capture of Hainan Island,
126
,
131
,
135

capture of Rugao County,
89

comfort women viewed as “military supplies,”
36

fighting and comfort stations in Hubei Province,
102

fighting and comfort stations in Hunan Province,
108

fighting and comfort stations in Yunnan Province,
141

Hejia-xiang Brothel, Wenshui County,
43

involvement in comfort women system,
8
,
13
,
43
,
64

occupation of Yu County (1938-45),
114
,
119
, xviii; rapes at Laizhuo, Hebei Province,
40

size of army in China,
37
.
See also
Japanese military

International Commission of Jurists,
2

International Committee of the Nanjing Safety Zone,
28

International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE): deposition on the kidnapping and rape of women in Nanjing,
30

documents presented re. Japanese military sexual slavery,
151
,
215
n
2

failure to hold military and government responsible for comfort women system,
151
,
152
-
53

failure to label comfort women system a war crime,
151
-
53

lack of thorough investigation re. comfort women postwar,
5

testimony on abduction of Chinese girl by Japanese,
7
-
8

testimony on deaths during Nanjing Massacre,
28

as “white man’s tribunal,”
151
-
52

International Public Hearing Concerning the Post-War Compensation of Japan (Tokyo, 1992),
168

International Solidarity Council,
184
-
85
,
223
n
6

International Symposium on Chinese Comfort Women,
98
(f),
134

Ishida Yoneko,
17
,
172
-
73
,
193

Isogai Rensuke,
52

J
apan, postwar environment for comfort women: against state compensation for individual civilian victims,
162
,
164
-
65

AWF formed to raise funds for former comfort women,
161
-
64

Chinese reports of atrocities, in response to Japanese denial of responsibility for war crimes,
15
-
16

denial of military involvement in comfort stations, xix-xx,
3
-
4

denial of responsibility,
3
,
15
,
93
,
160
-
62
,
184

documents re. comfort women classified and non-available to researchers,
50
-
51
,
208
n
4

documents re. comfort women destroyed at end of WWII,
5
,
153
,
169
,
199
n
19

efforts to remove comfort station monument in US (2012), xix-xx; failure of IMTFE to hold military and government responsible for comfort women system,
151
,
152
-
53

international community’s urging Japan to accept responsibility,
184
-
85

Japanese legal experts’ and Diet members’ efforts at legislative solutions,
185
-
86

judged guilty of war crimes (Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal, 2000),
182
-
83

A Proposed Law for the Timely Resolution of the Issues Concerning the Victims of Wartime Forced Sexual Slavery,
185
-
86

report on limited investigation into comfort women system (1992),
161

second report (1993) on comfort women and avoidance of legal responsibilities,
161
-
62

Tong Zeng’s memorandum re. war compensation for individual victims,
165
-
67
,
218
n
25

United Nations’ reports on Japan’s legal liability for sex slavery,
164
-
65
,
179
-
80

Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM),
188
,
190
.
See also
litigation by Chinese survivors against Japanese government; redress movements in Japan for comfort women Japan Democratic Lawyers’ Association,
171

Japan Federation of Bar Association,
173
,
185

Japanese Legal Team for Chinese War Victims’ Compensation Claims (Chūgokujin sensō higai baishō seikyū jiken bengodan),
17
,
171
-
72
,
173

Japanese military:
11
th Army,
36
,
67
,
68
;
21
st Army,
32
;
56
th Division,
141
,
189

Battle Field Rear Service Teams (used to “recruit” comfort women),
46
-
47

cases of venereal disease,
72

Central China Area Army,
29
-
30

Central China Expeditionary Force,
26

comfort stations (
see entries beginning with
comfort stations); comfort women (
see entries beginning with
comfort women); comfort women seen as “comfort objects” and “military supplies,”
36
,
45
,
64
-
65

comfort women viewed as “public latrines,”
36

courses on establishing comfort stations,
36
-
37

denial of military involvement in comfort stations,
3
-
4
, xix-xx; documents re. comfort women classified and non-available to researchers,
50
-
51
,
208
n
4

documents/records destroyed at end of WWII,
5
,
153
,
169
,
199
n
19

efforts to explain Japanese soldiers’ atrocious behaviour,
22
-
23
,
194

Guandong Army,
21
-
22
,
27
,
37
-
38
,
42
,
54

illegal drugs supplied to comfort women,
71

IMTFE’s failure to hold military responsible for comfort women system,
151

involvement in forming comfort stations,
26
,
41
-
42
; “justification” for comfort stations,
7
,
12
,
24
,
26
,
29
,
43
,
65
,
72

naval comfort stations set up in Shanghai,
22
-
23

North China Area Army,
26
,
29
,
35
,
154
-
55

security concerns re. Chinese comfort women,
31
-
32

Shanghai Expeditionary Army,
25
-
26
,
30
,
32
,
52

taught to view Chinese as non-humans,
195
.
See also
Imperial Japanese Army; Second Sino-Japanese War, 1931-45 (War of Resistance)

Japanese Military Comfort Women System Atrocities Museum at Dongjia-gou,
Longling County, Yunnan Province (Yunnan Longling Dongjia-gou Rijun weianfu zhidu zuixing zhanlanguan),
189
-
90

Japanese Post-War Compensation Network,
173

Japanese scholarship re. comfort women system: Centre for Research and Documentation on Japan’s War Responsibility (JWRC),
3
,
17

classification of comfort stations,
9

on method of “recruiting,”
41

on number of comfort women,
37
-
38

research about,
14
,
17
,
37
-
38
,
41

Yoshimi’s discovery of official war documents,
3
,
14
,
160
-
61
.
See also
redress movements in Japan for comfort women; Yoshimi Yoshiaki [Japanese] Women’s Association for Rectifying Public Morals (Fujin kyōfū kai),
24

Ji Wenxiu,
139

Jiang Gonggu,
30

Jiang Hao,
37
,
169

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek),
27
,
153
-
54

Jiang Yulan,
112

justice: minimal investigation of comfort women system by China,
158
-
59

no compensation or justice for comfort women,
151
-
54

physical and mental wounds of survivors,
156
-
57

poverty of survivors,
154
-
56

redress (
see entries beginning with
redress movements).
See also
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE); litigation by Chinese survivors against Japan; Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery

K
ang Jian: first lawsuit against Japan,
174

in fourth lawsuit against Japanese government,
176
-
77

investigation of comfort women system on Hainan Island,
173

on Japan’s contradictory interpretations of San Francisco Peace Treaty,
181

prosecutor at Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal (2000),
182