Citizen Emperor (135 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 20 . | Chastenay, Mémoires, i. p. 449; Kale, ‘Women, Salons, and the State’, 60. |
| 21 . | Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 57. The return of the émigrés and the role the question assumed in domestic politics is a subject that has been entirely neglected. Jean Tulard calculates that the nobility recuperated more than a quarter of their old lands (Jean Tulard, ‘Problèmes sociaux de la France napoléonienne’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 199 (1970), 141). |
| 22 . | A Te Deum is not a mass but rather a hymn to God, one which became increasingly politicized in the course of the eighteenth century, and which was intended to celebrate royal power. The practice of singing a Te Deum to give thanks for a military success dates back to the early sixteenth century (Frédérique Leferme-Falguières, Les courtisans: une société de spectacle sous l’Ancien Régime (Paris, 2007), p. 51); Thierry Lentz, ‘La proclamation du Concordat à Notre Dame le 18 avril 1802’, in Jacques-Olivier Boudon (ed.), Le Concordat et le retour de la paix religieuse (Paris, 2008), pp. 101–12. |
| 23 . | Mavor (ed.), The Grand Tours of Katherine Wilmot , p. 33. |
| 24 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , ii. pp. 802, 808, 814, 820, 833. |
| 25 . | Bury and Barry (eds), An Englishman in Paris , p. 122. |
| 26 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. pp. 370–1. |
| 27 . | Plumptre, A Narrative of a Three Years Residence in France , i. pp. 123–5; Philip Mansel, Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II (New Haven, 2005), p. 81. |
| 28 . | AN F7 3830, rapport du préfet de police, 30 germinal an X (20 April 1802); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , ii. pp. 844–5; Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. pp. 372–4. |
| 29 . | Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , i. p. 615; Alfred Boulay de la Meurthe, Documents sur la négociation du Concordat et sur les autres rapports de la France avec le Saint-Siège en 1800 et 1801 , 5 vols (Paris, 1891–7), v. pp. 567, 568. |
| 30 . | De Staël to Dupont de Nemours (25 April 1802), in James F. Marshall (ed.), De Staël–Du Pont Letters: Correspondence of Madame de Staël and Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (Madison, Milwaukee and London, 1968), p. 127. |
| 31 . | Richard Burton, Blood in the City: Violence and Revelation in Paris, 1789–1945 (Ithaca, 2001), p. 72. |
| 32 . | Gaubert, Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon , p. 139. |
| 33 . | Frédéric Hulot, Le maréchal Masséna (Paris, 2005), p. 177. |
| 34 . | Thiébault, Mémoires , iii. pp. 274–5; Hulot, Masséna , p. 179. |
| 35 . | Ferdinand de Bertier, Souvenirs inédits d’un conspirateur: Révolution, Empire et première Restauration (Paris, 1990), p. 78. |
| 36 . | Jean-François Boulart, Mémoires militaires du général Bon Boulart sur les guerres de la république et de l’empire (Paris, 1892), pp. 124, 125. |
| 37 . | Noël, Souvenirs militaires , p. 36. |
| 38 . | Chaptal, Mes souvenirs , p. 264; Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , pp. 367–8. |
| 39 . | Comte Remacle, Relations secrètes des agents de Louis XVIII à Paris sous le Consulat (1802–1803) (Paris, 1899), p. 30. |
| 40 . | Philippe de Ségur, De 1800 à 1812: un aide de camp de Napoléon: mémoires du général comte de Ségur , 3 vols (Paris, 1894–5), i. pp. 67–8. |
| 41 . | Remacle, Relations secrètes , p. 31. |
| 42 . | Soizik Moreau, Jean-Victor Moreau: l’adversaire de Napoléon (Paris, 2005), p. 82. |
| 43 . | Reichardt, Un hiver à Paris sous le Consulat , p. 147. |
| 44 . | Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘Les fondements religieux du pouvoir impérial’, in NataliePetiteau (ed.), Voies nouvelles pour l’histoire du Premier Empire: territoires, pouvoirs, identités (Paris, 2003), pp. 203–6. |
| 45 . | See Bonaparte’s remarks in Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. pp. 334–5, 342. |
| 46 . | As early as December 1800, a journalist writing for the Mercure de France compared Bonaparte to Cyrus II of Persia (600 or 576–530 bc), who allowed Jews to return to the Holy Land from exile and to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. The bishops of France often used the comparison and not always in a sycophantic manner. See Bernard Plongeron, ‘Cyrus ou les lectures d’une figure biblique dans la rhétorique religieuse de l’Ancien Régime à Napoléon’, Revue d’histoire de l’Eglise de France , 68 (1982), 31–67. For other mentions see Mercure de France , 16 frimaire an IX (2 December 1800); Jean-Claude Berchet, ‘Le Mercure de France et la “Renaissance” des lettres’, in Jean-Claude Bonnet (ed.), L’Empire des muses: Napoléon, les arts et les lettres (Paris, 2004), p. 36. |
| 47 . | Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week (London, 1985), p. 34. |
| 48 . | Jacques-Olivier Boudon, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire: 1799–1815 (Paris, 2000), pp. 79–80. |
| 49 . | Corr. vi. n. 4884 (5 June 1800); Roger Dufraisse, Napoléon: correspondence officielle (Paris, 1970), i. pp. 93–4. |
| 50 . | Contrary to what some assert (Antoine Casanova, Napoléon et la pensée de son temps: une histoire intellectuelle singulière (Paris, 2000), p. 28). On Napoleon, the Church and religion see Jacques-Olivier Boudon, Napoléon et les cultes: les religions en Europe à l’aube du XIXe siècle, 1800–1815 (Paris, 2002), pp. 39–46. |
| 51 . | François G. de Coston, Biographie des premières années de Napoléon Bonaparte , 2 vols (Paris, 1840), i. p. 30. |
| 52 . | As John McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (London, 1969), p. 140, pointed out, religion was peripheral to Bonaparte’s decision to reconcile with the Church. See also Geoffrey Ellis, ‘Religion According to Napoleon: The Limits of Pragmatism’, in Nigel Aston (ed.), Religious Change in Europe, 1650–1914: Essays for John McManners (Oxford, 1997), p. 244; Marie-Christine de Bouët du Portal, ‘A propos de la Saint-Napoléon: la solennité du 15 août sous le Premier et le Second Empire’, Revue de l’Institut Napoléon , 158–9 (1992), 145. |
| 53 . | See Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 274–6. |
| 54 . | There is a substantial literature on the Concordat. Some of the more important works are: Henry Horace Walsh, The Concordat of 1801: A Study of the Problem of Nationalism in the Relations of Church and State (New York, 1933), pp. 39–61; William Roberts, ‘Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and its Consequences’, in Frank J. Coppa (ed.), Controversial Concordats: The Vatican’s Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler (Washington, DC, 1999), pp. 34–83; Boudon, Napoléon et les cultes , pp. 55–67; Jacques-Olivier Boudon (ed.), Le Concordat et le retour de la paix religieuse (Paris, 2008); André Latreille, Napoléon et le Saint-Siège, 1801–1808: l’ambassade du Cardinal Fesch à Rome (Paris, 1935), pp. 1–21; Jean Leflon, La crise révolutionnaire 1789–1846 , vol. xx: Histoire de l’Eglise depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours (Paris, 1949), pp. 178–99. The most detailed treatment of this period is Dean, L’église constitutionnelle . |
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