Authors: Philip Dwyer
Citizen Emperor (131 page)
| 15 . | Bonaparte had realized in the course of this whole affair that the Senate, made up of men in whose interests it was to maintain the stability of the regime, could be used to impose his will in the face of opposition from the other legislative bodies. Sydenham, ‘The Crime of 3 Nivôse’, pp. 319–20. |
| 16 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , ii. pp. 98–103. |
| 17 . | AN F7 3829, 17 ventôse an IX and ff. (8 March 1801); Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. p. 130. |
| 18 . | Jean Destrem, Les déportations du Consulat et de l’Empire (d’après des documents inédits) (Paris, 1885), pp. 7–21; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 79–80; Sydenham, ‘The Crime of 3 Nivose’, pp. 309–11; Richard Cobb, ‘Note sur la répression contre le personnel sans-culotte de 1795 à 1801’, in Richard Cobb, Terreur et subsistances, 1793–1795 (Paris, 1965), p. 202. |
| 19 . | Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante, Souvenirs du baron de Barante, 1782–1866 , 6 vols (Paris, 1890–7), i. p. 73. |
| 20 . | They were not ‘enhanced’ by the explosion, as Sydenham, ‘The Crime of 3 Nivôse’, p. 317, maintains; they were already very much present. |
| 21 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. pp. 123–5; Sydenham, ‘The Crime of 3 Nivôse’, pp. 300–3. |
| 22 . | Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. pp. 355–7; Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. pp. 126–7; Raymonde Monnier, Le Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 1789–1815 (Paris, 1981), p. 275; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 74. |
| 23 . | Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 72–3; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 113, 114. |
| 24 . | Petiteau, ‘Les fidélités républicaines’, 61, 63, 64. |
| 25 . | Léon Lecestre, Lettres inédites de Napoléon Ier (an VIII–1815) , 2 vols (Paris, 1897), i. p. 269 (12 January 1809). |
| 26 . | Corr. vi. nos. 5014, 5072 (24 July and 24 August 1800). |
| 27 . | Corr. vi. n. 4914 (16 June 1800). |
| 28 . | Talleyrand was at first consulted by Bonaparte, but he was soon nudged out of the picture and replaced by two other men, both involved in Brumaire, Roedererand Regnaud de Saint-Jean d’Angély. See Paul Bailleu (ed.), Preußen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: diplomatische Correspondenzen , 2 vols (Leipzig, 1880–7), i,p. 388 (Sandoz-Rollin to the Prussian court, 31 July 1800); Roider, Baron Thugut , pp. 342–5. |
| 29 . | Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Mémoires du prince de Talleyrand , 5 vols (Paris, 1891–2), i. p. 281. |
| 30 . | Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , pp. 297–333; Picard, Hohenlinden (Paris, 1909); Savinel, Moreau , pp. 99–103; James R. Arnold, Marengo and Hohenlinden: Napoleon’s Rise to Power (Barnsley, 2005), pp. 197–251. The Austrians had around 60,000 men and 214 cannon compared to Moreau’s 53,000 men and 99 cannon. |
| 31 . | According to Bourrienne, Mémoires , iv. p. 249. |
| 32 . | Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , p. 335; Brown, Ending the French Revolution , p. 316. |
| 33 . | Moniteur universel , 18, 19 and 20 frimaire an IX (9, 10 and 11 December 1800). |
| 34 . | Moreau’s brother, a member of the Tribunate, was sent at the head of a delegation ( Moniteur , 14 and 16 nivôse an IX (4 and 6 January 1801); Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau, Le Consulat et l’Empire, ou Histoire de la France et de Napoléon Bonaparte, de 1799 à 1815 , 10 vols (Paris, 1834–5), ii. pp. 82–3). |
| 35 . | Corr. vi. n. 5250 (2 January 1801). |
| 36 . | On 16 July 1800 ( Corr. vi. n. 4993), shortly after the battle of Marengo, Bonaparte ordered paintings of Marengo, and also of Rivoli, Moskirch, the Pyramids, Aboukir and Mount Thabor (J. Tripier Le Franc, Histoire de la vie et de la mort du baron Gros (Paris, 1880), p. 176). They were not completed for many years. |
| 37 . | Philippe de Ségur, Histoire et mémoires, par le général comte de Ségur , 7 vols (Paris, 1873), ii. p. 104. |
| 38 . | Mathieu Dumas, Souvenirs du général comte Mathieu Dumas, de 1770 à 1836 , 3 vols (Paris, 1839), iii. p. 217. |
| 39 . | Charles Decaen, Mémoires et journaux du général Decaen , 2 vols (Paris, 1910–11), ii. p. 245; Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , pp. 341–2. |
| 40 . | Corr. vi. n. 5271 (9 January 1801); Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , pp. 342–3. |
| 41 . | Moniteur universel , 12 and 14 germinal an IX (2 and 4 April 1801); Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , pp. 347–51. |
| 42 . | AN F7 3829, 7 thermidor an IX (26 July 1801). |
| 43 . | Instructions to Joseph in Corr. vi. nos. 5131 (20 October 1800) and 5315 (21 January 1801); Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 210–13. |
| 44 . | Paul Marmottan, ‘Joseph Bonaparte diplomate (Lunéville, Amiens, 1801, 1802)’, Revue d’histoire diplomatique , 41 (1927), 276–300; Paul Marmottan, ‘Joseph Bonaparte à Mortefontaine, 1800–1803’, Nouvelle Revue , 100 (1929), 3–16, 113–28, 209–19, 266–73. |
| 45 . | Haegele, Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte , pp. 131–2; Emmanuel de Waresquiel, Talleyrand: le prince immobile (Paris, 2003), pp. 291–2. |
| 46 . | Hugh Ragsdale, ‘Russian Influence at Lunéville’, French Historical Studies , 5 (1968), 274–84, here 276; Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 53; Roderick E. McGrew, Paul I of Russia (Oxford, 1992), pp. 304–12. |
| 47 . | Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p. 212. |
| 48 . | On Campo Formio see Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 314–17. On the negotiations see August Fournier, Napoleon I: A Biography , trans. Annie Elizabeth Adams, 2 vols (New York, 1911), i. pp. 240–5. |
| 49 . | Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p. 213. |
| 50 . | Thugut, Vertrauliche Briefe , ii. pp. 399–400 (9 February 1801), also p. 409 (14 February 1801). |
| 51 . | ‘A one-sided treaty’, according to Frederick W. Kagan, The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805 (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), pp. 18–19. The exception to the rule is Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 213–14, who argues that Austria accepted Lunéville as a permanent treaty. |
| 52 . | Journal des Débats , 25 pluviôse an IX (14 February 1801); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , ii. p. 176. |
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