Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush (66 page)

2
Andrew Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress (Dec. 8, 1829), in 2 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, at 448 (James Richardson ed., 1896) (hereinafter "Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress") (emphasis in original).

3
Ibid. at 447.

4
Ibid.

5
See Robert V. Remini, The Constitution and the Presidencies: The Jackson Era, in the Constitution and the American Presidency 29 (Martin L. Fausold & Alan Shank eds., 1991).

6
See ibid. at 35.

7
1 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 305.

8
Ibid. at 305-07.

9
Ibid. at 347.

10
Ibid.

11
Ibid. at 348-49.

12
Ibid. at 349.

13
Ibid. at 351-64.

14
Ibid. at 367.

15
Ibid. at 367-68.

16
Ibid. at 371-74.

17
Ibid. at 373.

18
Ibid. at 374.

19
Ibid.

20
3 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 352.

21
Ibid. at 354-55.

22
Ibid. at 359-60.

23
Ibid.

24
The admission of Texas itself would mark an expansion of executive power. Initially, under President John Tyler, the Senate rejected a treaty annexing Texas by a vote of 35-16 on June 8, 1844. After James Polk defeated Henry Clay in the presidential election that November, Congress enacted a simple statute approving the annexation and admitting Texas as a state by a vote of 120-98 in the House and 27-25 in the Senate. President Tyler signed the law on March 1, 1845, just before Polk was inaugurated. See Vasan Kesavan & Michael Stokes Paulsen, Let's Mess With Texas, 82 Texas Law Review 1587, 1592-93 (2004).

25
See Howe, supra note 1, at 342-57.

26
Magliocca, supra note 1, at 14-15.

27
Ibid. at 346.

28
Howe, supra note 1, at 347.

29
Ibid. at 14-15, 22-29.

30
Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress, supra note 2, at 457-58. Article IV, Section 3 of the United States Constitution states that "New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State...without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress."

31
Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress, supra note 2, at 458.

32
Ibid.

33
See Howe, supra note 1, at 348.

34
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831).

35
Howe, supra note 1, at 347.

36
Ibid. at 352; Act of May 28, 1830, ch. 148, 4 Stat. 411, 21st Cong. (1st Sess. 1830).

37
Cherokee Nation, 30 U.S. 1 (1831).

38
Magliocca, supra note 1, at 36.

39
Cherokee Nation, 30 U.S. at 17.

40
Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515, 561 (1832).

41
Ibid. at 559. For an insightful discussion of Worcester, see Philip P. Frickey, Marshalling Past and Present: Colonialism, Constitutionalism, and Interpretation in Federal Indian Law, 107 Harvard Law Review 381 (1993).

42
Cole, supra note 1, at 114.

43
Howe, supra note 1, at 412.

44
Ibid.

45
Ibid.

46
Ibid.

47
Ibid. at 412-13.

48
Ibid. at 415.

49
Ibid. at 416.

50
For the claim that Jackson's removal policy amounted to genocide, see Michael P. Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (1975).

51
Howe, supra note 1, at 420.

52
Cole, supra note 1, at 34.

53
2 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 62, 161.

54
Cole, supra note 1, at 23-24.

55
Ibid. at 35-36.

56
Ibid.

57
Ibid. at 38.

58
Ibid. at 37.

59
2 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 213-14.

60
Andrew Jackson, First Inaugural Address (Mar. 4, 1829), in 2 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 438 (James Richardson ed., 1896) (hereinafter "Richardson, Messages").

61
Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 183.

62
Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress, supra note 2, at 449.

63
Ibid. at 448-49.

64
Cole, supra note 1, at 41.

65
Ibid.; Howe, supra note 1, at 333.

66
Leonard White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History 327-32 (1954); Howe, supra note 1, at 334.

67
Cole, supra note 1, at 80.

68
Ibid. at 81 (Jackson to Calhoun, May 30, 1830).

69
Ibid. at 82.

70
Ibid. at 84-85.

71
Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress, supra note 2, at 462.

72
Ibid.

73
Daniel Feller, King Andrew and the Bank, 29 Humanities (2008), at
www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2008-01/KingAndrewandtheBank.html
.

74
Cole, supra note 1, at 57.

75
Ibid.

76
Ibid.

77
James Madison, Veto Message (Jan. 30, 1815), in 1 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 555.

78
Ibid.

79
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819).

80
Cole, supra note 1, at 57.

81
Ibid.

82
Ibid.

83
Ibid.

84
See ibid.; Wilentz, supra note 1, at 76; see generally Walter Smith, Economic Aspects of the Second Bank of the United States (1969).

85
Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Bank War: A Study in the Growth of Presidential Power 27 (1967) (hereinafter "Remini, Bank War").

86
Ibid.

87
Ibid. at 27-28.

88
For one economist's account, see Murray Rothbard, Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies (1962).

89
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 30-31.

90
Ibid. at 32-33, 39.

91
Ibid. at 37-38.

92
Ibid. at 34-35.

93
Ibid.

94
Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message to Congress (Dec. 6, 1830), in 2 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 529.

95
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 74.

96
Ibid. at 92.

97
Ibid. at 75-76.

98
Ibid. at 99.

99
Ibid. at 77-78.

100
Ibid. at 80, 93. To throw salt on Jackson's wounds, the Senate (with Vice President Calhoun casting the tie-breaking vote) at the same time rejected Van Buren's nomination as minister to Great Britain.

101
Ibid. at 15-16 (emphasis added).

102
Andrew Jackson, Veto Message (July 10, 1832), in 2 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 576-91.

103
Ibid. at 576-77.

104
Ibid. at 578.

105
Ibid. at 581.

106
Ibid.

107
Ibid. at 582.

108
Ibid.

109
Ibid.

110
Ibid.

111
Ibid.

112
Ibid.

113
Ibid. at 590.

114
White, Jacksonians, supra note 66, at 29.

115
See generally Charles M. Cameron, Veto Bargaining: Presidents and the Politics of Negative Power (2000).

116
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 84.

117
Ibid. at 84-85.

118
Ibid. at 84.

119
Ibid. at 85.

120
Ibid.

121
Ibid.

122
Ibid. at 87.

123
Ibid. at 90-101.

124
Ibid. at 101.

125
Ibid.

126
Ibid.

127
Ibid. at 99-100.

128
Ibid. at 98-99.

129
Ibid. at 99.

130
Ibid. at 103-04.

131
Ibid. at 105.

132
Ibid. at 106.

133
Ibid. at 109.

134
Ibid. at 111.

135
Ibid. at 112-13.

136
Ibid.

137
Ibid. at 113.

138
Ibid. at 113-14.

139
Act of Apr. 10, 1816, SS 16, 3 Stat. 266, 274, 14th Cong. (1st Sess. 1816).

140
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 111.

141
Ibid. at 115.

142
Ibid. at 116.

143
Ibid. at 118.

144
Ibid.

145
Andrew Jackson, Removal of the Public Deposits (Sept. 18, 1833), in 3 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 7.

146
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 122.

147
Ibid. at 123.

148
Ibid. at 124.

149
Ibid. at 124.

150
Ibid. at 126-27.

151
Ibid. at 127.

152
Ibid. at 126-27.

153
Ibid. at 129 ("National Republicans, Bank men, nullifiers, tarriff men, states' righters, former Democrats and other dissidents joined together to form the 'Whig' party, adopting this name to designate their opposition to concentrated power in the hands of the chief executive.").

154
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 137-38.

155
Andrew Jackson, Message to Senate (Dec. 12, 1833), in 3 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 36.