Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush (68 page)

38
Paludan, supra note 1, at 84.

39
Confiscation Act, 12 Stat. 319 (Aug. 6, 1861); and Second Confiscation Act, 12 Stat. 589 (July 17, 1862). See Randall, supra note 1, at 351-63.

40
Militia Act, 12 Stat. 597 (July 17, 1862).

41
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Sept. 22, 1862, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 368.

42
Paludan, supra note 1, at 155.

43
Final Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 424.

44
To Horace Greeley, Aug. 22, 1862, in Ibid. at 358.

45
To James C. Conkling, Aug. 26, 1863, in Ibid. at 497.

46
See, e.g., Randall, supra note 1, at 374-404.

47
See, e.g., Miller v. United States 78 U.S. 268 (1870) (confiscation of property); Ford v. Surget, 97 U.S. 594 (1878) (destruction of property); and New Orleans v. The Steamship Co., 87 U.S. 387 (1874) (transfer of property).

48
Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 6, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 658.

49
On this point, see Harry Jaffa, A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War (2000); and Harry Jaffa, Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1959).

50
Address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Nov. 19, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 536.

51
See James McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 75-76 (1990).

52
Ibid. at 84.

53
Donald, Lincoln, supra note 1, at 523.

54
Ibid.

55
Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 6, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 660.

56
Paludan, supra note 1, at 73-74.

57
Lincoln to Erastus Corning and Others, June 12, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 458.

58
Special Message to Congress, July 4, 1861, in Ibid. at 252-53.

59
Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus, 10 U.S. Op. Att'y Gen. 74 (July 5, 1861).

60
Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1 (1849); and Moyer v. Peabody, 212 U.S. 78 (1909). For discussion, see Farber, supra note 1, at 148-49.

61
Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 371.

62
Neely, supra note 1, at 168-69.

63
See ibid. at 28, 65-68.

64
Ex Parte Vallandigham, 68 U.S. 243 (1863).

65
Lincoln to Erastus Corning and Others, June 12, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 456-60.

66
Ibid. at 461-62.

67
Reply to Ohio Democrats, June 29, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 466-69; and Paludan, supra note 1, at 201-02.

68
Habeas Corpus Act, 12 Stat. 755 (Mar. 3, 1863).

69
Randall, supra note 1, at 166-67.

70
No good biography exists of Milligan, but there are several helpful articles about him and his case. See, e.g., Frank L. Klement, The Indianapolis Treason Trials and Ex Parte Milligan, in American Political Trials 101 (Michael R. Belknap ed., 1981); Allan Nevins, The Case of the Copperhead Conspirator, in Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution 101 (John A. Garraty ed., 1962); and Kenneth M. Stampp, The Milligan Case and the Election of 1864 in Indiana, 31 Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41 (1944). One short book is Darwin Kelley, Milligan's Fight Against Lincoln (1973).

71
Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 (1866).

72
Quoted in 3 Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 1856-1918, at 151 (1922).

73
3 Ibid. at 154.

74
3 Ibid. at 149-50 (describing Republican reaction); Ex Parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506 (1868) (upholding constitutionality of repeal of appellate jurisdiction over military commissions).

75
For a contrary view, see Stanley I. Kutler, Ex Parte McCardle: Judicial Impotency?: The Supreme Court and Reconstruction Reconsidered, 72 American Historical Review 835 (1967); and William W. Van Alstyne, A Critical Guide to Ex Parte McCardle, 15 Arizona Law Review 229 (1973).

76
Neely, supra note 1, at 113-38.

77
See, e.g., Geoffrey Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime 94-120 (2004).

78
For discussions of the law and policy of Reconstruction, see generally Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy During the Civil War (1969); Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863-1869 (1974); and Harold Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (1975).

79
See generally Eyal Benvenisti, The International Law of Occupation (1992).

80
Paludan, supra note 1, at 235.

81
Randall, supra note 1, at 225-27.

82
The Grapeshot, 76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 129 (1869); and United States v. Diekelman, 92 U.S. 520 (1875).

83
The Grapeshot, 76 U.S. at 132.

84
Paludan, supra note 1, at 244.

85
Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 8, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 552.

86
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, Dec. 8, 1863, in Ibid. at 555-58.

87
Paludan, supra note 1, at 265.

88
Donald, Lincoln, supra note 1, at 511.

89
Wade-Davis Manifesto, Aug. 5, 1864, available at
www.vlib.us/amdocs/texts/1864wade.html
.

90
Memorandum on Probable Failure of Re-election, Aug. 23, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 624.

91
Response to Serenade, Washington, D.C., Nov. 10, 1864, in Ibid. at 641.

92
Paludan, supra note 1, at 290.

93
Response to Serenade, Nov. 10, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 641.

94
Donald, Lincoln, supra note 1, at 561.

95
Eric Foner exemplifies the academic consensus that views Reconstruction as a noble effort to expand the civil rights of black freemen in the South. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877 (1988).

96
Donald, Lincoln, supra note 1, at 562.

97
Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 6, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 660.

98
Second Inaugural Address, Mar. 4, 1865, in Ibid. at 686-87.

99
Ibid. at 687.

100
Speech on Reconstruction, Apr. 11, 1865, in Ibid. at 698.

101
Donald, Lincoln, supra note 1, at 592.

102
See Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson 1-25 (1973).

103
Ibid.

104
Ibid. at 13.

105
Ibid. at 22.

106
Ibid. at 60.

107
Ibid. at 89-180.

108
Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926) (observing that the Tenure in Office Act violated the Constitution).

109
Foner, supra note 95, at 602-03.

CHAPTER 7: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

1
There are a great number of works on Roosevelt, with more appearing all of the time. I have relied on general works for the background to this chapter. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (2005); James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 1882-1940 (1956); James MacGregor Burns, FDR: Soldier of Freedom 1940-1945 (1970); 1-5 Kenneth S. Davis, FDR (1972-2000); Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (1991); George McGimsey, The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2000); 1-3 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt (1957-60); and Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (1990). Similarly, there are a multitude of works on the New Deal. Some that have been particularly helpful are Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (1983); Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (1996); Barry Cushman, Rethinking the New Deal Court: The Structure of a Constitutional Revolution (1998); David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (2001); William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (1963); Sidney M. Milkis, The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal (1993); and G. Edward White, The Constitution and the New Deal (2002).

2
See, e.g., Milkis, supra note 1, at 98-124; Theodore Lowi, The Personal President: Power Invested, Promise Unfulfilled (1985).

3
To understand the economics of the Great Depression and the New Deal, see 1 Allan Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve, 1913-1951 (2003); Peter Temin, The Great Depression, in 3 The Cambridge Economic History of the United States 301 (Stanley Engerman & Robert Gallman eds., 2000); Thomas Hall & David Ferguson, The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies (1998); Richard Vedder & Lowell Gallaway, Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth Century America (1997); Barry Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939 (1995); and Milton Friedman & Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, at 299-301 (1963). John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash 1929 (2d ed. 1961), remains a classic treatment, but one that has been surpassed by more recent work.

4
Ben Bernanke, Essays on the Great Depression (2000).

5
Kennedy, supra note 1, at 164-65.

6
See Friedman & Schwartz, supra note 3; Meltzer, supra note 3, at 271.

7
Ellis Hawley, The Constitution of the Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt Presidency During the Depression Era, 1930-1939, in The Constitution and the American Presidency 83, 90-91 (Martin Fausold & Alan Shank eds., 1991).

8
2 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 14-15 (Samuel I. Rosenman ed., 1938-1950).

9
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, 50 U.S.C. app. SS 1 (2000).

10
Hawley, supra note 7, at 92.

11
See Thomas Hall & David Ferguson, The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies 124-26 (1998).

12
William Leuchtenberg, The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy 53 (1995).

13
United States v. E. C. Knight, 156 U.S. 1 (1895).

14
Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918).

15
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922).

16
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).

17
See, e.g., Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908) (federal labor law); Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923) (minimum wages); Williams v. Standard Oil Co., 278 U.S. 235 (1929) (setting prices of gasoline); New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932) (limiting entry into business); Jesse Choper, et al., Constitutional Law--Cases, Comments, Questions 292 (9th ed. 2001).

18
Robert Stern, The Commerce Clause and the National Economy, 1933-1946, 59 Harvard Law Review 645, 883 (1946).

19
William Leuchtenburg, The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt 83-84 (1995).