Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush (72 page)

3
Compare Samuel Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony 75-77 (1981).

4
Thomas E. Cronin & Michael A. Genovese, The Paradoxes of the American Presidency (2d ed. 2004).

5
See Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (1987); Theodore J. Lowi, The Personal President: Power Invested, Promise Unfulfilled (1986).

6
See Marc Landy & Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (2000); and Sidney M. Milkis, The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System since the New Deal (1993).

7
Cf. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (1997).

8
David Epstein & Sharyn O'Halloran, Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers (1999).

9
For works in this vein, see William G. Howell, Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action (2003); Kenneth R. Mayer, With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power (2001); Charles M. Cameron, Veto Bargaining: Presidents and the Politics of Negative Power (2000); Terry M. Moe, Presidents, Institutions, and Theory, in George C. Edwards, et al., Researching the Presidency: Vital Questions, New Approaches (1993); and Terry M. Moe, The Politicized Presidency, in John E. Chubb & Paul E. Peterson eds., The New Direction in American Politics 238 (1985).

10
See, e.g., Howell, supra note 9; Cameron, supra note 9.

11
Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (1997). For a further articulation of his theory, see Stephen Skowronek, Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal (1997).

12
Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (1970).

13
Authorization to Use Military Force, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001).

14
Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 2002, H.R.J. Res. 114, 107th Cong. SS 3, 116 Stat. 1498 (2002).

15
Pub. L. 110-55, 121 Stat. 552 (2007).

16
Charlie Savage, Bush Challenges Hundreds of Laws: President Cites Powers of His Office, Boston Globe, Apr. 20, 2006, at A1; American Bar Association, Task Force on Presidential Signing Statements and the Separation of Powers Doctrine,
www.abanet.org/op/signingstatements
; and Jonathan Weisman, Bush's Challenges of Laws He Signed Is Criticized, Wash. Post, June 28, 2006, at A9. For earlier defenses of the practice, see Mark Killenbeck, A Matter of Mere Approval?: The Role of the President in the Creation of Legislative History, 48 Ark. L. Rev. 239 (1995) (defending signing statements as legitimate under text and history of Constitution); Daniel B. Rodriguez, Statutory Interpretation and Political Advantage, 12 Int'l Rev. Law & Econ. 217 (1992); Frank B. Cross, The Constitutional Legitimacy and Significance of Presidential "Signing Statements," 40 Admin. L. Rev. 209 (1988). For early criticism, see Kathryn Marie Dessayer, Note, The First Word: The President's Place in "Legislative History," 89 Mich. L. Rev. 399 (1990); William D. Popkin, Judicial Use of Presidential Legislative History: A Critique, 66 Ind. L.J. 699 (1991); Marc N. Garber & Kurt A. Wimmer, President Signing Statements as Interpretation of Legislative Intent: An Executive Aggrandizement of Power, 24 Harv. J. Legis. 363 (1987).

17
See Curtis A. Bradley & Eric A. Posner, Presidential Signing Statements and Executive Power, 23 Const. Comment. 307, 309-15 (2007).

18
Ibid. at 324-34.

19
See American Bar Association, Task Force on Presidential Signing Statements and the Separation of Powers Doctrine, available at
www.abanet.org/op/signingstatements
.

20
See John Yoo, The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11, at 182-214 (2005).

21
Federalist No. 70, at 472 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961).

22
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 637 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring).

23
See, e.g., Boumediene v. Bush, 128 S. Ct. 2229 (2008). See also J. Andrew Kent, "A Textual and Historical Case Against a Global Constitution," 95 Geo. L.J. 463 (2007) (presidents have unvaryingly declined to confer constitutional rights or habeas corpus review on aliens abroad).

24
See John Yoo, War by Other Means: An Insider's Account of the War on Terrorism (2006).

AFTERWORD

1
Rahm Emanuel, Speech on "Era of Reform" at the Wall Street Journal CEO Council in Washington, D.C., Nov. 19, 2008.

2
See Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product Estimates (June 25, 2009), available at
www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm
.

3
Mark Hulbert, "2008 by the Numbers," Market Watch, Dec. 31, 2008, available at
www.marketwatch.com/story/a-review-of-the-stock-market-in-2008
(reporting that the Dow dropped 33.8% in 2008).

4
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Chart 1: Unemployment Rate May 2007-May 2009 (June 5, 2009), available at
www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf
(reporting an increase in unemployment from 7% in December 2008 to 9.5% in June 2009).

5
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1940 to date, available at
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat1.pdf
.

6
Mark Mazzetti & Eric Schmitt, "Shaky Pakistan Is Seen as Target of Qaeda Plots," N.Y. Times, May 11, 2009, at A1.

7
Choe Sang-Hun, "North Korea Claims to Conduct 2nd Nuclear Test," N.Y. Times, May 25, 2009, at A1.

8
Glenn R. Simpson & Jay Solomon, "Fresh Clues of Iranian Nuclear Intrigue," Wall St. J., Jan. 16, 2009, at A1.

9
Election Results 2008, Wash. Post, available at
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/interactives/campaign08
.

10
See U.S. Electoral College, Historical Election Results, available at
www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html
.

11
See generally Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (1997).

12
Obama promised to "cut[] taxes below the level under Ronald Reagan while restoring fiscal responsibility." See Obama '08, Barack Obama's Comprehensive Tax Plan, available at
www.barackobama.com/pdf/taxes/Factsheet_Tax_Plan_FINAL.pdf
.

13
Remarks of President Barack Obama--As Prepared for Delivery Address to Joint Session of Congress, Feb. 24, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/remarks-of-president-barack-obama-address-to-joint-session-of-congress
.

14
California Secretary of State, Statement of Vote: Nov. 4, 2008, at 8, available at
www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008_general/sov_complete.pdf
.

15
Ibid. at 13.

16
Barack Obama, Interview with Reverend Rick Warren at Saddleback Presidential Candidates Forum, Aug. 17, 2008, available at
http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0808/17/se.01.html
.

17
Susan Davis, "Obama Condemns Supreme Court Decision in Child Rape Case," Washington Wire, June 25, 2008, available at blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/06/25/obama-condemns-supreme-court-decision-in-child-rape-case.

18
Message from the President and Notice of Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq, May 20, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Message-from-the-President-and-Notice-of-Continuation-regarding-Iraq
. See also Statement by the President on Afghanistan, Feb. 17, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Statement-by-the-President-on-Afghanistan
.

19
A New Year, A New Beginning, Mar. 19, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/Nowruz
. See also Statement by the President from Prague, Czech Republic, Apr. 5, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Statement-by-the-President-North-Korea-launch
. For a response to President Obama's diplomacy efforts, see Ali Khamenei, Response to President Obama's Nowruz Statement: Change in Words is Not Enough, Mar. 23, 2009, available at
www.memritv.org/clip/en/2059.htm
.

20
Election Guide 2008, Pennsylvania Primary Results, N.Y. Times, available at
http://politics.nytimes.com/election-guide/2008/results/states/PA.html
.

21
Carl Hulse, "In Open Nomination, 'Superdelegates' May Hold Key to Victory," N.Y. Times, Jan. 28, 2008, available at
www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/us/politics/28superdelegates.html
.; see also Adam Nagourney & Carl Hulse, "Neck and Neck, Democrats Woo Superdelegates," N.Y. Times, Feb. 10, 2008, available at
www.nytimes.com/2008/02/10/us/politics/10superdelegates.html
.

22
Election Guide 2008, California Primary Results, N.Y. Times, available at
politics.nytimes.com/election-guide/2008/results/states/CA.html
.

23
2 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 29, 31 (Max Farrand ed., 1911).

24
Federalist No. 68, at 460 (Alexander Hamilton) (Jacob E. Cooke ed., 1961).

25
Robert Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison 110 (1990).

26
See Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson (1977-84).

27
See, e.g., Kenneth A. Shepsle & Barry R. Weingast, Political Preferences for the Pork Barrel: A Generalization, 25 American Journal of Political Science 96 (1981); and Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (1965).

28
See Elbert Smith, The Presidency of James Buchanan (1975).

29
See Robert Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (1990).

30
See Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (1991).

31
See Albert Castel, The Presidency of Andrew Johnson (1979).

32
See Elbert Smith, The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore (1988).

33
See Richard Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon (2003); see generally Leonard Leo & James Taranto eds., Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and Worst in the White House (2005) (providing rankings of presidents).

34
See Martin Fausold, The Presidency of Herbert Hoover (1988).

35
See Kendrick Clements, The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1992).

36
Federalist No. 70, at 472 (Alexander Hamilton) (Jacob E. Cooke ed., 1961).

37
Executive Order, Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guanta-namo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities, Jan. 22, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ClosureOfGuantanamoDetentionFacilities
.

38
Executive Order, Ensuring Lawful Interrogations, Jan. 22, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/EnsuringLawfulInterrogations
.

39
Executive Order, Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guanta-namo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities, supra note 37.

40
Department of Justice, Press Release #09-232 Withdrawing "Enemy Combatant" Definition for Guantanamo Detainees, Mar. 13, 2009, available at
www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2009/March/09-ag-232.html
.

41
See Remarks by the President on National Security, May 21, 2009, available at
www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-On-National-Security-5-21-09
and Remarks by Richard B. Cheney at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, May 21, 2009, available at
www.aei.org/speech/100050
.

42
Michael Hayden & Michael B. Mukasey, "The President Ties His Own Hands on Terror," Wall St. J., Apr. 17, 2009, at A13 (explaining that "fully half of the government's knowledge about the structure and activities of al Qaeda came from [enhanced] interrogations").

43
See John Yoo, War by Other Means: An Insider's Account of the War on Terror 165-203 (2006).