Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush (67 page)

156
Ibid.

157
Ibid.

158
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 138.

159
Ibid.

160
Ibid.

161
Ibid. at 138-39.

162
Ibid. at 140.

163
10 Reg. Deb. 1187 (1834).

164
Andrew Jackson, Protest (Apr. 15, 1834), in 3 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 69 (hereinafter "Jackson, Protest"). See Steven G. Calabresi & Christopher S. Yoo, The Unitary Executive During the First Half-Century, 47 Case Western Reserve Law Review 1451, 1545-55 (1997).

165
Jackson, Protest, supra note 164, at 85.

166
Ibid. at 85-86.

167
Ibid. at 79.

168
Ibid.

169
Ibid. at 90.

170
Ibid.

171
Ibid.

172
Ibid. at 86.

173
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 145.

174
Ibid.

175
Ibid.

176
Ibid. at 146.

177
Ibid.

178
Ibid.

179
Ibid.

180
10 Reg. Deb. 1575 (1834).

181
Ibid.

182
Ibid.

183
Ibid.

184
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 160-68.

185
See Wilentz, supra note 1, at 150.

186
Remini, Bank War, supra note 85, at 166.

187
For historical background on the political and economic issues surrounding the tariff, see Howe, supra note 1, at 395-410; and Richard Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (1987).

188
See Wilentz, supra note 1, at 63.

189
Ibid.

190
See ibid. at 63-64.

191
John C. Calhoun, Exposition and Protest (Dec. 19, 1828), in Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun (Ross M. Lence ed., 1992).

192
It is difficult to escape the conclusion that the real issue behind nullification was not the tariff, but slavery. If a numerical majority in the North could enact a tariff over Southern objections, Southerners asked, what would prevent it from eradicating slavery, too?

193
Daniel Webster, Speech on Mr. Foot's Resolution, in 2 American Eloquence: A Collection of Speeches and Addresses by the Most Imminent Orators of America 899 (Frank Moore ed., 1857).

194
Wilentz, supra note 1, at 65 (emphasis added).

195
James Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson 283 (1888).

196
Wilentz, supra note 1, at 64.

197
Andrew Jackson, Fourth Annual Message to Congress (Dec. 4, 1832), in 2 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 598.

198
Andrew Jackson, Proclamation (Dec. 10, 1832), in 2 ibid. at 641 (hereinafter "Jackson, Proclamation").

199
Ibid. at 643 (emphasis in original).

200
Ibid. at 645.

201
Ibid. at 646.

202
Ibid. at 643.

203
Ibid.

204
Ibid. at 642.

205
Ibid. at 648.

206
Ibid. 207 Ibid.

207
Ibid.

208
Ibid.

209
3 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 22.

210
Jackson, Proclamation, supra note 198, at 652.

211
Ibid. at 654.

212
Ibid.

213
Ibid.

214
Ibid.

215
Ibid. at 654-55.

216
Ibid. at 655.

217
3 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 26.

218
Ibid.

219
Ibid. at 34.

220
Ibid.

221
Ibid. at 29.

222
Andrew Jackson, Message to Congress (Jan. 16, 1833), in 2 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 620-21.

223
Ibid. at 631.

224
Ibid. at 632.

225
3 Remini, Jackson, supra note 1, at 37.

226
Ibid. at 38.

227
See generally Paul Bergeron, The Presidency of James K. Polk 1-21 (1987).

228
To the Senate and House of Representatives, May 11, 1846, in 5 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, at 2292.

229
Howe, supra note 1, at 731-91.

230
See generally John S. D. Eisenhower, So Far From God: The U.S. War With Mexico, 1846-1848 (2000).

231
Howe, supra note 1, at 797. See Third Annual Message, Dec. 7, 1847, in 5 Richardson, Messages, supra note 60, 2382, 2384-88; Speech in the U.S. House of Representatives on the War with Mexico, Jan. 12, 1848, in Abraham Lincoln Speeches and Writings, 1832-1858, at 161, 168 (Don E. Fehrenbacher ed., 1989); and David H. Donald, Lincoln 122-24 (1995).

232
Howe, supra note 1, at 796-811.

233
Ibid.

234
Ibid. at 809.

235
Ibid. at 808.

CHAPTER 6: ABRAHAM LINCOLN

1
Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, Apr. 4, 1864, in Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed., Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1859-1865, at 586 (1989) (hereinafter "Lincoln, Speeches and Writings"). There are a wide number of sources on Lincoln; he is reportedly the subject of the most books in the English language after Jesus and Shakespeare. Yet, there are relatively few books on Lincoln's performance of his role as President and Commander-in-Chief. I have relied in this chapter on a few outstanding works: David Donald, Lincoln (1995) (hereinafter "Donald, Lincoln"); Daniel Farber, Lincoln's Constitution (2003); Harold Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (1975); James MacPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (1988) (hereinafter "MacPherson, Battle Cry"); Mark Neely, The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991); Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994); and J. G. Randall, Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln (1951). There are also a number of important articles on Lincoln's exercise of his constitutional powers, and whether they amounted to a dictatorship. In the chapters of the books on the Presidency that discuss Lincoln in detail, political scientists generally argue that Lincoln exercised powers approaching a dictatorship. Historians, on the other hand, seem to conclude that Lincoln's policies rested within his executive powers, broadly construed. See Herman Belz, Lincoln and the Constitution: The Dictatorship Question Reconsidered (1984); Michael Les Benedict, The Constitution of the Lincoln Presidency and the Republican Era, in Martin Fausold and Alan Shank eds., The Constitution and the American Presidency 45 (1991); David Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era 187 (1947) (hereinafter "Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered"); and Don Fehrenbacher, Lincoln in Text and Context: Collected Essays 113 (1987).

2
Those deaths had a much greater impact than other wars, such as World Wars I and II, because the casualties represented a much larger share of the nation's smaller population in 1861 than more recent conflicts.

3
6 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, at 277 (James D. Richardson ed., 1897) (hereinafter "Richardson").

4
See, e.g., Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency 59 (1973); Clinton Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies (1948); and Edward S. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1984, at 20-22 (5th ed. 1984).

5
Lincoln to Hodges, Apr. 4, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 586.

6
Ibid.

7
Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered, supra note 1, at 191-96.

8
60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857).

9
Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Mar. 4, 1861, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 221.

10
See Texas v. White, 74 U.S. 700, 725 (1869) ("The Constitution, in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible Union, composed of indestructible States.").

11
Power of the President in Executing the Laws, 9 Op. Att'y Gen. 516-24 (Nov. 20, 1860). See also Farber, supra note 1, at 75-76.

12
James Buchanan, Fourth Annual Message, Dec. 3, 1860, in 5 Richardson, supra note 3, at 626, 635-36. See also Farber, supra note 1, at 76.

13
James Buchanan, Special Message to Congress, Jan. 8, 1861, in 5 Richardson, supra note 3, at 656.

14
Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 215-222.

15
Ibid. at 224. See Michael Stokes Paulsen, Review: The Civil War as Constitutional Interpretation, 71 University of Chicago Law Review 691, 706-07 (2004) (explaining Lincoln's belief in a duty to defeat secession).

16
McPherson, Battle Cry, supra note 1, at 313.

17
There is some dispute as to whether Taney was sitting as a judge on circuit or as a Supreme Court Justice in chambers at the time. For a more detailed discussion of the Merryman case, see John Yoo, Of Merryman and Milligan, Journal of Supreme Court History (forthcoming 2010). The facts of the case are described in Ex Parte Merryman, 17 F. Cas. 144 (C.C.D.Md. 1861) (No. 9487). No good history focuses on John Merryman and the history of the case, aside from a helpful essay. See Arthur T. Downey, The Conflict between the Chief Justice and the Chief Executive: Ex Parte Merryman, 31 Journal of Supreme Court History 262 (2006).

18
Merryman, 17 F. Cas. at 152.

19
Ibid.

20
Paludan, supra note 1, at 76.

21
Act of Aug. 6, 1861, 12 Stat. 326.

22
The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. (2 Black) 635, 666 (1862).

23
Ibid. at 666-67.

24
Ibid. at 668.

25
Ibid. at 670.

26
To Lyman Trumbull, Dec. 10, 1860, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note, at 190.

27
Paludan, supra note 1, at 33-34.

28
Ibid. at 84-87.

29
Ibid. at 108-18.

30
Ibid. 98, 104.

31
Ibid. at 105.

32
Eliot Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (2002).

33
To Edwin M. Stanton, May 17, 1864, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, supra note 1, at 594.

34
For general discussion, see Donald, Lincoln, supra note 1, at 367; and MacPherson, Battle Cry, supra note 1, at 515.

35
Ibid. at 83.

36
Farber, supra note 1, at 153.

37
See discussion in Randall, supra note 1, at 342-70.